Контрольная работа №2, вариант №1

выполнены упражнения согласно заданиям варианта, точный текст заданий ниже

I. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, поставив слова скобках в правильную форму. В ответах укажите только образованное слово.

1.   The most important part of any disaster ….. (MITIGATING) strategy or plan is an analysis of what the hazards are in a particular area.

2.   Structural mitigation measures dictate the necessity for some form of construction, engineering, or other improvements aimed at ….. (REDUCE) hazard risk likelihood or consequence.

3.   Many of the injured in avalanche were first ….. (RESPOND), working in the blizzard conditions.

4.   The identification of hazards is the key factor that determines what ….. (PREVENTION) measures will be taken by the community.

5.   The country’s government says they still don’t know the full extent of the damage ….. (CAUSE) by the cyclone.

II. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова, приведенные в рамке. Ответы укажите в таблице.

a)   impacts, b)  responders, c)   implementing, d)  response, e)   mitigation, f)    preventive, g)   estimating

  To address the demands of major chemical incidents, emergency (1) ….. organizations must perform four basic types of functions - emergency assessment, expedient hazard (2) ….., personnel and population protection, and incident management. Emergency assessment actions characterize the nature and the scale of an incident by (3) ….. conditions in the physical and social environment. Expedient hazard mitigation involves (4) ….. and corrective actions that limit the magnitude of hazard (5) ….. by controlling the source or the spread of hazards. Personnel and population protection actions preserve safety and health; for example, by requiring emergency (6) ….. to wear respirators and (7) ….. evacuations of community residents. Finally, incident management actions ensure that these three functions are performed quickly and effectively.

III. Выберите форму глагола в страдательном залоге. Ответ укажите в таблице.

 1.   Response is the most complex of all the functions of emergency management, as it ……… during periods of very high stress, in a highly time-constrained environment, and with limited information.

a)   are conducted b)   be conducted c)   is conducted

2.   More than 3,000 people ……… from their homes as wildfires continued to get out of control.

a)   are evacuated b)   were evacuated c)   will be evacuated

 3.   The Safety Officer should ……… when the Incident Commander cannot adequately monitor hazards or unsafe conditions due to the size, complexity, or numbers of resources involved in the incident.

a)   will be appointed b)   be appointed c)   are appointed

 4.   The existing disaster recovery plan ……… as soon as possible to include additional parameters.

a)   is modified b)   will be modified c)   were modified

5.   Even emergency responders ……… always properly ……… and trained to deal with a high number of simultaneous hazardous incidents.

a)   are not … equipped b)   is not … equipped c)   has not been … equipped

6.   Much of the town ……… after experiencing a catastrophic tornado.

a)   was damaged b)   are damaged c)   will be damaged

 IV. Выберите и письменно переведите предложения, в которых содержится субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

 1.   Confidence is known to be one of the important traits for managing any small-scale or large-scale disaster. 

2.   We would like him to be in charge of developing new policies and procedures in response to government legislation.

3.   I consider this problem to be of great importance. 

4.   Panic flight is most likely to occur when large crowds gather at concerts, sporting venues and other large public gatherings.

5.   This incident seems to have had little impact on the local authorities’ reputation.

6.   He ordered the work to be completed by the end of the month.

 V. Выберите и письменно переведите предложения, в которых содержится герундий.

 1.   Various EMERCOM personnel and means can be involved to support the EU Civil Protection Mechanism in preventing and handling natural and technological disasters.

2.   All statistics on the annual number of disasters indicate that the number of people affected by disaster is increasing.

3.   Local government is responsible for emergency response and permanent assessment of the ability to protect its citizens and their property.

4.   The main responsibility for coping with natural disasters lies with the national government of the affected country.

5.   The president approved the idea of declaring an emergency situation in the region.

6.   The Safety Officer monitors incident operations on all matters relating to operational safety, including the health and safety of emergency responders.

 VI. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-5 и текстами A-D. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок. Ответы укажите в таблице.

 1.   The Stages of Recovery

2.   Incident Action Plan

3.   Functions of the Incident Commander

4.   Unified Command

5.   Types of Recovery Activities

  A.

Control of an incident involving multiple agencies with overlapping authority and responsibility is accomplished through the use of unified command. The concept of unified command simply means that all agencies that have a jurisdictional responsibility at a multijurisdictional incident contribute to the process by taking the following actions: determining overall objectives, selecting strategies, accomplishing joint planning for tactical activities, ensuring integrated tactical operations, and using all assigned resources effectively. The unified command helps optimize the work of all agencies as they perform their tasks under a single Incident Action Plan. It also helps avoid duplication of efforts that can occur when agencies from different jurisdictions operate within a common system.

  B.

The initial goal of short-term recovery activities is to rapidly return life support systems to minimum operating standards and to take the initial steps to long-term recovery. Some of these activities include the initial cleanup, establishing temporary housing, starting debris management, and initial infrastructure restoration. The duration of the short-term recovery phase depends on the severity of the disaster and the level of the community preparedness; it can continue from several weeks to one year. Long-term recovery after a disaster is always challenging. These activities may continue for a number of years after a disaster. Some of those activities include long-term reconstruction, hazard source control and area protection, infrastructure resilience and others.

  C.

Recovery actions occur in three general phases. The actions in each phases and the timing vary according to the nature and the severity of the disaster. The first phase overlaps with response stage and consists of immediate actions taken to reduce life-safety hazards and make short-term repairs to critical lifeline systems. The second phases provides for ongoing social needs before permanent rebuilding is complete. This phase may continue for weeks or perhaps months. The third phase includes planning for and implementing the rebuilding of damaged buildings and other facilities and infrastructure and the resumption of normal social and economic life in the community. It may include a reconsideration of pre-disaster conditions. This phase may continue for several years.

  D.

The person in overall command of an incident is the Incident Commander. The IC establishes the Command Post and is ultimately responsible for everything that takes place at the emergency scene, including the development and implementation of the Incident Action Plan, coordinating and directing all incident resources to implement the plan and meet its goals and objectives. The IC does not have to actually perform or supervise each function but may choose to delegate them to others. If the size and complexity of the incident requires, the IC may delegate authority to the following command staff positions: safety officer, liaison officer, and public information officer.

VII. Просмотрите текст "Natech Disasters" и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему на русском языке:

 1.   How can a Natech accident be defined?

2.   What makes Natech accidents particularly problematic for emergency responders to deal with?

 Natech Disasters

  Disasters resulting from natural hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis and floods, are increasing in intensity, frequency and impact, in part due to climate change. They can cause severe environmental and infrastructural disruption and significant economic losses. Disasters can directly affect human health through injuries, death and disease outbreaks, and longer-term impacts may include noncommunicable diseases, psychiatric morbidity and disabilities.

 A natural hazard can trigger a technological accident as well. A technological accident can include damage to and release of chemicals from fixed chemical installations, oil and gas pipelines, storage sites, transportation links, waste sites and mines. A technological accident triggered by a natural hazard is known as a "Natech" event. These events can aggravate the impact of a natural disaster on the environment and on human health because of the release of hazardous materials, fires and explosions.

The frequency of such events is not well known, but it is likely that the risk and impact of Natech events is increasing if industrial or chemical-storage sites are located in hazard-prone areas. Natech events are potentially more dangerous than chemical incidents during normal plant operation for a number of reasons. First, natural hazard events may cover a large geographical area and may, therefore, affect multiple chemical sites at the same time. Even on a single site, there are likely to be multiple and simultaneous damage or failure events and chemical releases; moreover, safety mechanisms intended to prevent a chemical release or mitigate its consequences may be damaged during the event. Second, the ability of local authorities and services to respond to the chemical release will often be severely curtailed because of the other impacts of the natural event, e.g. blocked, damaged or flooded roads and overwhelming demand for rescue. The chemical release itself may prevent or hinder rescue operations because of the additional risks posed to emergency-response personnel.