Контрольная работа Вариант 1

1. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы герундия.
1. After adopting the law some remarkable changes in economy took place throughout the country.
2. Their customers insisted on signing the contract immediately.
3. He didn't tell his mother of having been injured in the accident.
4. We heard of his having been fined for disorderly conduct.
5. Before signing the document he consulted his lawyer.
6. He denied his having been involved in the conspiracy.
7. She liked neither reading aloud, nor being read aloud to.
8. The criminal couldn't pass in or out without being seen.
9. We learned of his having been arrested two days ago.
10. The suspect insisted on his being innocent.
II. Письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на формы причастия.
1. Having read the documents the investigator decided to speak to the witness once more.
2. The article submitted by this young lawyer was on the Common Law.
3. Studying the Law of Equity he learnt a lot about the history of English law.
4. The Prime Minister having chosen the Ministers who are to compose the Cabinet presents them for the approval of the Monarch.
5. Having been arrested a person has a statutory right to consult a lawyer.
6. Punitive sanctions included into the system of coercion measures must provide the so-called 'due punishment'.
7. Barristers are lawyers representing clients in different courts.
8. Giving evidence he said that all he could remember was that he had been hit on the head.
9. Having assessed the facts, the jury will reach the verdict.
10. All those convicted appealed through the formal appeal procedures.
III. Письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на комплексы с неличными формами глагола.
1. The Governor is reported to be discussing the ordinance with officials.
2. Police investigating the crime are looking for three young immigrants from Iran.
3. A lawyer being admitted to practice, this admission entitles him/her to practice in that state only.
4. The Customs officer made Sally open her case.
5. The Chief Justice was asked many questions about the case, the BBC correspondent starting the press conference.
6. We want the local authorities to have more numerous powers.
7. Almost all civil cases in England are said to be tried by a judge without jury.
8. The jury considered the accused to be guilty.
9. Courts in Canada are known to have no division into state and federal.
10. They heard the case to be tried in the High Court.
VI. Письменно переведите следующие предложения,, обращая внимание на формы Subjunctive.
1. It's necessary that he learn more about English legal system.
2. I insist that you should consult a lawyer before getting started a business.
3. The judge demanded that the witness should testify only to the matters of fact with which he is personally acquainted.
4. It is obligatory that the document be signed by the president of the company.
5. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
6. The ruling required that France apologize and pay a fixed sum to New Zealand.
7. In the absence of a clear indication in the Act it is necessary that all relevant circumstances be examined.
8. It is necessary that you should be familiar with the qualifications for jury service.
9. He urged that the negotiations be held in Switzerland.
10. It is important for a fair legal system to support people who cannot afford to pay the costs of legal services.
V. Письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на формы Conditional
1. If he offers me another job, I'll accept it if the salary is higher.
2. We could have avoided the accident if we had stopped.
3. You wouldn't have lost your way if you had been more careful.
4. She would have forgiven him if he had told her everything.
5. If Richard had left the company, he couldn't have sold his stock.
6. If there were no inflation, he would be able to start his own business.
7. If evidence existed, he would find it.
8. If you were not a woman, I would hit you.
9. If you had paid the fine, he wouldn't have gone to prison.
10. If the policemen hadn't come on time, they wouln't have apprehended the robbers.
VI. TEXT
1. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
At the end of the 20th century, human rights have frequently been qualified as the "common heritage" of humanity. Indeed they do not belong to the domestic jurisdiction of the states and as a rule are internationally protected. Today human rights create a body of universal standards and values at the service of human dignity, equality, non-discrimination and human freedoms.
The term "human rights" is not found in traditional religions. But theology presents the basis for a human rights theory stemming from a law higher that the state and whose is Supreme being. If one accepts the premise of the Old Testament that Adam was created in the "image of God", this implies that the divine stamp gives human beings a high value of worth. Put in other words, in a religious context, every human being is considered sacred and all of them have such divine rights as equality and right for living given by God.
Since the adoption of the United Nations Charter in 1945 and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, a comprehensive instrument has been created, i.e. standards of human rights. The historical and philosophical origin of human rights can be traced back to such great milestones of human freedom as the American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The conceptual source of the human rights is the domestic constitutional law of any country.
The idea that the human beings had special freedoms and rights which needed protection under international law had been expounded in the Charter of the United Nations. Before its adoption human beings as such had no rights under traditional international law, they were not included in the international legal obligations of the states. In practice there were massive violations of human rights and the international community had no obligation to ensure that governments guaranteed and protected human rights. But after adoption of the UN Charter the special institutions and mechanisms helping to promote the universal respect for human rights and observance of human rights and fundamental freedom were established.
Special resolutions authorizing the UN Commission on Human Rights to make thorough study of situations which reveal violations of human rights such as the policy of apartheid racial discrimination in the Republic of South Africa have been adopted. After the end of the Cold War there appeared a new understanding of human rights as the integral part of real democracy
In the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Program of Action it is proclaimed that all human rights are universal and interdependent and interrelated. So, the international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner. The special catalogue of the most important human rights has been issued. It embraces civil and political rights, economic, social and cultural rights, the right to development, the right to refugee, the rights of minorities and indigenous peoples, the rights of women, the rights of women and so on.
The recognition of the universal character of human rights and the concomitant rejection of cultural relativism, which sought to justify violations of human rights by reference to some special religious or cultural imperatives, lay foundation for international efforts to improve the human rights situation all over the world.
Despite fact that there exist massive violations of human rights by some governments on a large scale the situation is becoming better. Many governments violate human rights in their countries but many more would prefer never to have to account for their actions. The fact that they are increasingly being forced by a variety of external and internal factors to answer for their behavior to the international community becomes an important deterrent factor and in many cases contributes to improvement of the human rights situation.
2. Найдите синонимы следующих слов и словосочетаний в текст:
mankind,
defend,
liberty,
cornerstone,
duty,
guarantee,
agreement,
empower
include
4. Выберите и вставьте нужное слово или словосочетание
1. The term "human rights" is not found in:
a) the ancient laws; b) books; c) traditional religions
2. The idea that the human beings had special freedoms and rights which needed protection under international law had been expounded in:.
a) constitution; b) the Charter of the United Nations; c) statutes
3. After the end of the Cold War there appeared a new understanding of human rights as:.
a) the integral part of real democracy; b) legal obligations; c) cultural concepts
4. Special:.authorizing the UN Commission on Human Rights to make thorough study of human rights violations have been adopted.
a) acts; b) instruments; c) resolutions
5. After adoption of the UN Charter helping to promote the universal respect for human rights the special:were established
a) committees; b) boards; c) institutions and mechanisms/
5. Закончите предложения:
1. Today human rights create a body of universal standards and values at the service of:.
2. Put in other words, in a religious context, every human being is considered sacred and all of them have such divine rights as:..
3. The historical and philosophical origin of human rights can be traced back to such great milestones of human freedom as:.
4. In the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Program of Action it is proclaimed that:.
5. Many governments violate human rights in their countries but many more would:.
VII. Прочитайте следующий текст. Напишите к нему аннотацию
The African Human Rights System
The newest regional human rights system covers the countries of the African continent. In 2000 the Organization of African Unity tranformed itself into the African Union. The Constitutive Act whereby this was accomplished reaffirmed Africa's determination "to promote and protect human and peoples' rights." The African Union's objectives include the promotion and protection of human rights in accordance with the African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights and "other relevant human rights instruments." As of 2006 the African Union consists of 53 state parties.
The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights was created in 1981 and entered into force in 1986. This treaty obligates ratifying countries to recognize the rights and duties listed and to adopt legislation or measures to bring them into effect. The African Charter is divided into two parts. The first part sets forth rights and duties and the second part establishes safeguards for them. Like the American Convention on Human Rights, the African Charter does not simply identify rights but also explicitly imposes duties upon individuals. These individual duties, included perhaps to counter claims that human rights promote excessive individualism, consist of duties to family, society, state, and the international community.
The African Charter explicitly posits group rights - the rights of peoples. Examples of such rights include the right of a group to freely dispose of its natural resources in the exclusive interest of its members, and the right of a colonized or oppressed group to free themselves from domination.
The Charter created an African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights to promote and ensure the protection of human and peoples' rights in Africa. The Commission meets twice a year and consists of eleven members of the African community who serve six year terms in their personal capacities. The functions of the Commission are the promotion of human rights, the protection of these rights, interpretation of the African Charter, and the performance of "any other tasks" requested by the AU. The Commission is also authorized to perform studies regarding problems in the area of human rights; formulate rules addressing human rights problems; investigate alleged human rights violations by any appropriate means; and prepare reports discussing human rights abuses; and make recommendations to the AU Assembly. Furthermore, states are required to submit regular reports to the Commission on their human rights problems and efforts to address them.
An African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights is currently under construction.
The African system has enormous human rights problems to address, frequently faces non-cooperation by governments, and has inadequate resources to play a major role. But despite its limited legal and economic resources the African Union seems to be slowly constructing international mechanisms to promote and protect human rights in Africa.

Аннотация 600 символов.