[Росдистант] Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации 2 (ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ)
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UNIT 5 SAFETY AT WORK
Assignment 1
Read the text “Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules” and choose an appropriate heading for each passage.
Chemistry Laboratory Safety Rules
Some rules are NOT made to be broken. That is true of the rules used in a chemistry lab. They are really, truly for your safety and not your humiliation.
Read these and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of the material.
You say, "But it's only water." Even if it is, how clean do you think that glassware really is? Using disposable pipettes? I know lots of people who rinse them and put them back! Learn to use the pipette bulb or automated pipetter. Don't pipette by mouth at home either. Gasoline and kerosene should be obvious, but people get hospitalized or die every year, right? I know someone who used his mouth to start the suction on a waterbed to drain it. Do you know what they put in some waterbed additives? Carbon-14. Mmmm...radiation. He couldn't retch fast enough! The lesson is that even seemingly harmless substances may be dangerous!
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be available for every chemical you use in lab.
No sandals, no clothes you love more than life, no contact lenses, and long pants are preferable to shorts or short skirts. Tie long hair back. Wear safety goggles and a lab coat. Even if you aren't clumsy, someone else in the lab probably is. If you take even a few chemistry courses you will probably see people set themselves on fire, spill acid on themselves, others, or notes, splash themselves in the eye, etc. Don't be the bad example to others, remembered for all time for something stupid!
And know how to use it! Given that some people (possibly you) will need them, know the locations of the fire blanket, extinguishers, eyewash, and shower. Ask for demonstrations! If the eyewash hasn't been used in a while the discoloration of the water is usually sufficient to inspire use of safety glasses.
For many chemicals, if you can smell them then you are exposing yourself to a dose that can harm you! If the safety information says that a chemical should only be used inside a fume hood, then don't use it anywhere else. This isn't cooking class - don't taste your experiments!
Some chemicals can be washed down the drain, while others require a different method of disposal. If a chemical can go in the sink, be sure to wash it away rather than risk an unexpected reaction between chemical 'leftovers' later.
It's tempting, but oh so dangerous... just don't do it!
Don't haphazardly mix chemicals! Pay attention to the order in which chemicals are to be added to each other and do not deviate from the instructions. Even chemicals that mix to produce seemingly safe products should be handled carefully. For example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide will give you salt water, but the reaction could break your glassware or splash the reactants onto you if you aren't careful!
Not after lab, on the assumption that it will be neater. Put data directly in your lab book rather than transcribing from another source (e.g., notebook or lab partner). There are lots of reasons for this, but the practical one is that it is much harder for the data to get lost in your lab book. For some experiments, it may be helpful to take data before lab. No, I'm not telling you to dry-lab or cheat, but being able to project likely data will help you catch bad lab procedure before you are three hours or so into a project. Know what to expect. You should always read the experiment in advance.
(http://chemistry.about.com/od/healthsafety/a/aa080104a.htm)
A Don't Taste or Sniff Chemicals
B Do Not Pipette By Mouth - Never
C Don't Casually Dispose of Chemicals Down the Drain
D Read the Chemical Safety Information
E Don't Eat or Drink in Lab
F Dress Appropriately (for chemistry lab, not fashion or the weather)
G Don't Play Mad Scientist
H Identify the Safety Equipment
I Take Data During Lab
Assignment 2
Match safety equipment with those in pictures.
1 respiratory mask_________ 6 gloves _________
2 face mask/gas mask _________ 7 goggles _________
3 lab coat _________ 8 ear defenders _________
4 hard hat _________ 9 chemical containers _________
5 safety sign _________
Assignment 3
Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations given below.
flammable, radiation, No Open Flames, combustible, nonpotable, chemical containers, corrosive, toxic, biohazard, electricity, functional, explosive
1) ___________ materials are usually strong acids or bases. They represent a hazard to your skin, and often to mucous membranes through inhalation of vapors. Pay attention to the proper storage container for these materials. In addition, these materials are reactive.
2) __________ materials are those which can catch fire readily.
3) This is the symbol for ___________ or poisonous materials.
4) This symbol indicates a ___________ hazard.
5) This is the symbol for a ___________, or a material which represents a threat to cellular materials or living organisms.
6) If you see a ___________ sign, this usually implies there is a flammable or combustible material nearby.
7) This sign warns of live ____________.
8) This sign warns of ____________ materials.
9) The Fire Extinguisher sign should mark the position of a ____________ fire extinguisher.
10) The _____________ water sign lets you know the water is not approved for drinking.
11) This symbol accompanies ____________ materials.
12) The hazard label is found on _____________. It indicates health hazard, flammability, and other cautions associated with the chemical.
Assignment 4
Match the words from the box with the words below to make right word combinations. Use each word only once.
blanket, assistant, coat, sign, extinguisher, rules, supervisor, fumes, equipment, materials
1 lab a) _________ 2 fire d) _________
b) _________ e) _________
c) _________
3 safety f) __________ 4 toxic i) _________
g) __________ j) _________
h) __________
Assignment 5
Find the synonyms in column B for the words in column A.
A
B
1 combustible
2 poisonous
3 danger
4 sign
5 drinking
a) symbol/label
b) oxidizing
c) potable
d) toxic
e) hazard
UNIT 6 RESOURCE SAVING
Assignment 1
Everybody knows that there are such natural resources as minerals, energy, land, water and biota. Take a look at the following pictures displaying natural resources (A-E) and match them with the names.
A______________ B______________ C______________
D______________ E______________
Assignment 2
Scan the article and find answers for the questions.
1. How many Earth’s resources do people consume nowadays? What are they?
2. What is the result of this consumption?
3. What are the most reasonable ways of solving the problem of ravening resources?
Earth suffers as we gobble up resources
ALMOST one-quarter of nature's resources are being gobbled up by a single species, and it's not difficult to guess which one. Based on figures for the year 2000, the most recent available, humans appropriate 24 per cent of the Earth's production capacity that would otherwise have gone to nature.
The result is a gradual depletion of species and habitats as we take more of their resources for ourselves. Things could get even worse if we grow more plants like palm oil and rapeseed for biofuels to ease our reliance on fossil fuels.
That is the message from a team led by Helmut Haberl of Klagenfurt University in Vienna, Austria. Haberl and colleagues analysed UN Food and Agriculture Organization data on agricultural land use in 161 countries covering 97,4 per cent of farmland. By comparing carbon consumption through human activity with the amount of carbon consumed overall, Haberl's team found that humans use some 15.6 trillion kilograms of carbon annually. Half was soaked up by growing crops. Another 7 per cent went up in smoke as fires lit by humans, and the rest was used up in a variety of other ways "Things could get even worse if we grow more plants like palm oil and rapeseed for biofuels to ease our reliance on fossil fuels" related to industrialisation, such as transport [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences].
Haberl says that the Earth can just about cope if we meet future needs by producing food more efficiently. This could be done by intensifying agriculture on roughly the same amount of land as we use now. But we're asking for trouble, he says, if we expand production of biofuels, as the only fertile land available is tropical rainforests.
"If we want full-scale replacement of fossil fuels by biofuels, this would have dramatic implications for ecosystems," says Haberl. He warns that some projections foresee four or fivefold increases in biofuel production. "This would at least double the overall amount of biomass harvested, which is about 30 per cent above ground at present, but would increase to 40 or 50 per cent to meet these biofuel targets," he says.
This would mean clearing what remains of the world's rainforests in countries such as Brazil and Argentina. As well as wiping out thousands of species, this would have devastating effects on the climate, he says. Unlike farmland, forests help to seed rainfall because they have high evaporation rates.
"The less evaporation there is, the less rainfall there is and the whole system dries up," he says. Andy Coghlan
7 July 2007/NewScientist/15
Assignment 3
Fill in the gaps with the words from the list below. Use the words only once. Make up your own sentences with these phrases.
oil, replacement, figures, production, fuels, depletion, devastating, reliance, implications, fires, tropical, targets
1) based on ___________
2) gradual __________of species and habitats
3) palm __________
4) to ease __________ on
5) fossil ___________
6) __________lit by humans
7) to expand __________of biofuels
8) __________rainforests
9) full-scale ___________
10) dramatic __________for ecosystems
11) to meet the biofuel ___________
12) ___________effects on the climate
Assignment 4
Choose the words from the box and fill in the gaps.
valuable, petroleum extraction, renewable, coal, tax on consumption, raw materials, natural, forestry, fossil fuels, natural gas
Natural resources (economically referred to as land or 1______________) are naturally forming substances that are considered 2______________in their relatively unmodified (3_____________) form. Thus, mining, 4_____________, fishing, hunting and 5_____________ are generally considered natural-resource industries.
Natural resources are mostly classified into 6______________ and non-renewable resources. Sometimes resources are classified as non-renewable even if they are technically renewable, just not easily renewed within a reasonable amount of time, such as 7_____________.
Some non-renewable resources can be renewable but take an extremely long time to renew. Fossil fuels, for example, take millions of years to form and so are not practically considered 'renewable'. Different non-renewable resources like oil, 8_____________, 9_____________ etc. have different levels of demand from different sectors like transportation and residences with each resource specializing for each sector. Many environmentalists propose a 10_______________ of non renewable resources. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced or can only be replaced over thousands or millions of years.
Assignment 5
Use the words given in capitals to fulfill the spaces.
Resource Saving
Resources are limited and we need to handle them 1_____________ and responsibly. New resource saving potential along the textile value-chain is worth 2_______________. The environmental impact of textile production is 3_______________ due to the vast quantity of water required and the variety of chemicals used that generates wastes. BASF offers 4______________ that bring the same desired effect using fewer amounts of chemicals. Moreover, solutions that increase the 5______________ of a process can result in saving water and energy, as well as time and costs.
Global 6______________ is becoming increasingly fierce, while at the same time the textile industry is confronted with ever 7______________ environmental standards and regulation. 8_______________ is definitely the key driving force leading the textile industry towards a stronger future. Yet for long-term success one must meet the growing demand for eco-efficient solutions. Only those who meet both environmental and economic challenges remain 9_______________. Eco-efficiency means how environmentally 10_______________ and economic a product or process is. At BASF, we call such products or processes that meet both environmental and economical requirements “eco-efficient” solutions. COMPETITIVE
FRIENDLY
CONSIDERABLE
STRICTER
INNOVATION
EFFICIENCY
PRODUCTS
COMPETITION
REASONABLY
EXPLORING
UNIT 7 WASTE DISPOSAL
Assignment 1
Take a look at the following pictures displaying different waste disposal methods and match them with the names.
1) Incineration 3) Hazardous waste containers 5) Recycling
2) Sanitary Landfill 4) Ocean dumping 6) Open dumping/landfill
A __________________ B __________________
C __________________ D __________________
E __________________ F __________________
Assignment 2
You are going to read the text about hazardous waste and its disposal. Think of the most suitable heading for each paragraph (1-3).
Headings: Waste minimization and recycling
Disposal options
Hazardous waste
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), enacted in 1976, defines hazardous waste as a liquid, solid, sludge, or containerized gas waste substance that due to its quantity, concentration, or chemical properties may cause significant threats to human health or the environment if managed improperly. U.S. legislation considers a waste hazardous if it is corrosive, flammable, unstable, or toxic. Sources of hazardous waste may include industry, research, medical, household, chemical producers, agriculture, and mining, as well as many others.
Most hazardous waste comes from industrial sources. The EPA specifies four different categories of hazardous waste that are subject to regulation: hazardous wastes from nonspecific sources involved in industrial processes such as spent halogenated solvents; hazardous wastes from specific industrial sources, such as untreated wastewater from the production of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,-d); commercial chemical products that may be discarded (such as benzene) used in the manufacture of drugs, detergents, lubricants, dyes and pesticides; and wastes that are classified as toxic, such as vinyl chloride. Hazardous waste from many industrial processes include solvents such as methylene chloride, a probable carcinogen that is commonly used in paint removers. Trichloroethylene, a solvent that has been found in groundwater is monitored and regulated in drinking water in the United States. Drinking or breathing high levels of trichloroethylene can lead to damage of the liver, lung, and nervous system. In many industries the sludge remaining after treatment of wastewater accounts for much of the generated hazardous waste. Sludges and wastewater from electroplating operations commonly contain cadmium, copper, lead, and nickel. These heavy metals are found in the sediment of Lake Huron and have been associated with degradation of benthos and planktonic communities. Heavy metals can impact the health of humans and wildlife in a variety of ways: lead interferes with the nervous system and can lead to learning disabilities in children and cadmium accumulates in humans and animals and can lead to kidney disfunction. Household products that contain hazardous ingredients are not regulated under RCRA but should be disposed of separately from municipal garbage following label instructions. Household hazardous waste (HHW) can include used motor oil, paint thinners and removers, wood preservers, batteries, fluorescent lights that contain mercury, and unused pesticides.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state regulatory agencies collect information about the generation, management, and final disposal of hazardous wastes regulated under RCRA. This report gives detailed data on hazardous waste generation and waste management practices for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities.
Recycling and waste minimization may be the best ways to deal with hazardous waste. Waste minimization reduces the volume of waste generated, whereas recycling means that less hazardous waste requires disposal. Techniques for waste minimization may include audits, better inventory management, production process/equipment modifications, and operational/maintenance procedures. Raw material changes, volume reductions, nonhazardous material substitutions, reuse, or recovery also reduce hazardous waste production. For example biodegradable, nontoxic lactate esters are solvents manufactured from renewable carbohydrate sources that can be substituted for toxic halogenated solvents.
The EPA's Industrial Toxics Project is a nonregulatory program initiated in 1990 to achieve, voluntarily, overall reductions for seventeen toxic chemicals reported in the government's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), including cadmium, lead, mercury, trichloroethylene, and toluene. The recycling of waste through waste exchanges is one aspect of industrial ecology and another way to address the issue of hazardous waste disposal. For example the sludge that accumulates in scrubbers removing sulfur dioxide from power plant smokestacks contains calcium sulfate, which can be recycled in wallboard. Waste exchange also promotes the use of one company's waste as another company's raw material. Waste exchanges typically list both available and desired materials. Several regional waste exchanges exist, as well as exchanges within small geographic regions. Some exchanges charge for their services, whereas others are supported by grants.
Workers wearing hazardous materials suits, neutralizing hazardous materials.
Disposal options for hazardous waste include landfills, injection wells, incineration, and bioremediation, as well as several others. The greatest concern with the disposal of hazardous waste in landfills or injection wells is that toxic substances will leak into surrounding groundwater. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water worldwide and once it is contaminated, pollutants are extremely difficult and costly to remove. In some instances, it is impossible to remove groundwater contamination. The ideal disposal method is the destruction and conversion of hazardous waste to a non-hazardous form. New technology for hazardous and mixed low-level radioactive waste conversion includes a high-temperature plasma torch that converts low-level radioactive wastes to environmentally safe glass. Conversion to environmentally safe substances can be very expensive for some types of hazardous wastes and technically impossible for others, creating the need for alternative disposal methods.
The most common form of hazardous waste disposal in the United States is landfilling. Hazardous waste landfills are highly regulated and are required to include clay liners, monitoring wells, and groundwater barriers. The 1984 Hazardous Solid Waste Amendments require the monitoring of groundwater near landfills for thirty years. Injection wells may be used to inject hazardous waste deep into the earth, but problems result with aquifer contamination and the ultimate fate of the hazardous waste after injection is unknown.
Incineration may be an effective way to convert hazardous waste into a nonhazardous form while greatly decreasing its volume. The waste is burned and converted into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic by-products. The problems associated with incineration are high capital and operating costs, and the disposal of ash, which may contain hazardous substances. In addition, incinerating wastes can cause mercury and dioxin air pollution. Bioremediation may also be used in situ or ex situ to convert hazardous wastes to nontoxic by-products using microorganisms and natural degradation processes. Biodegradation requires very long treatment times and it may be difficult to control or enhance natural degradation processes. Phytoremediation, the process by which plants absorb and in some cases degrade hazardous substances in the environment, is being investigated as an emerging cleanup technology. For example poplar trees have been shown to break down the herbicide atrazine, mustard plants will remove lead from soil, and the alpine pennycress plant will take large amounts of heavy metals and also uranium from soil.
When hazardous waste is to be transported off-site for disposal, the waste generator prepares a shipping document called a manifest. This form must accompany the waste to its final destination and is used to track the waste's movements from "cradle to grave."
(http://www.pollutionissues.com/Fo-Hi/Hazardous-Waste.html)
Assignment 3
Complete the table below in accordance with the text.
Method of waste disposal
Principle of working
Examples
(if mentioned)
Problems associated with the method
Landfill
Injection well
Incineration
Bioremediation
Transportation off-site
Assignment 4
For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word from the box which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
which/that, before, not, rid, few, on, into/to, with, and, a, of/for, so, than, all/any, other
DEALING WITH WASTE PLASTIC
Every year people throw away millions of tonnes of plastic bottles, boxes and wrapping. These create huge mountains of waste (1) __________ are extremely hard to get (2) __________ of. Now, a new recycling process promises to reduce this problem by turning old plastic (3) __________ new. Scientists have taken (4) __________ long time to develop their ideas because waste plastic has always been a bigger problem (5) ___________ substances like waste paper. You can bury plastic, but it is years (6) __________ it breaks down. If you burn it, it just becomes another form of pollution. A (7) __________ products, for example bottles, can be re-used but it is expensive or difficult to do this (8) __________ a lot of plastic products. Now a group of companies has developed a new method (9) __________ recycling that could save almost (10) _________ plastic waste. The advantage of the new process is that nearly every type of waste plastic can be used: it does (11) __________ have to be sorted. In addition, labels and ink may be left (12) __________ the products. Everything is simply mixed together (13) __________ heated to more than 400 degrees centigrade (14) __________ that it melts. It is then cooled, producing a waxy substance that can be used to make new plastic products such as bags, bottles and, among (15) ___________ things, computer hardware.
Assignment 5
Use the words given in capitals to fulfill the spaces.
Recycling steel cans
Cans made of steel are very easy to remove from domestic rubbish because steel is the only common metal that is 1__________ to magnets. Many waste removal authorities have taken advantage of this fact and have 2__________ large magnets, which, to put it simply, pull all steel containers out of the general 3__________ rubbish. The system is known as 'magnetic 4__________' and it has two great advantages.
Firstly, 5___________ most recycling schemes, the recycling of steel cans through 'magnetic extraction' requires almost no effort from the public. As long as you throw your used steel can into the rubbish bin, it will be collected and then the waste removal authority will do the rest. Other 6__________ cannot be recycled 7___________ the public collect the material and take it, usually by car, to a central collection point. This often uses up more energy in petrol than is eventually saved by recycling the material.
8___________, local authorities actually save public money through recovering used steel cans. Magnetic extraction equipment is simple and cheap, and the steel that has been saved is 9___________ to companies who re-use it for making new steel products. As the value of the metal is 10__________ than the cost of magnetic extraction, the process has financial benefits.
So, magnetic recycling of steel cans from waste saves you time, effort and money, as well as saving energy for us all.
ATTRACTED
SOLD
PACKAGING
UNLESS
INSTALLED
GREATER
UNLIKE
SECONDLY
HOUSEHOL
EXTRACTION
UNIT 8 INNOVATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Assignment 1
Match the following inventions with the names of great scientists.
A Boyle-Mariotte law D Molecular theory
B Valency theory E Periodic law
C the main law of thermochemistry F thermal gas expansion law
(“law of definite amount of heat”)
(1) Avogadro ____ (2) Boyle ______ (3) Gay-Lussac ______
(4) Mendeleyev ______ (5) Hess ________ (6) Kekule _______
Assignment 2
Complete the table below with appropriate forms of the words.
verb
noun (thing)
noun (person)
adjective
develop
design
inventor
innovation
productive
create
pioneer
patent
Assignment 3
The words below can be used to describe inventions or new ideas. Which have a positive meaning? Which have a negative meaning?
efficient brilliant ingenious revolutionary
ridiculous viable beneficial ground-breaking clever
uneconomical impractical useless marketable pointless feasible
positive
negative
Assignment 4
Read the text and fill in the blanks with words from the list below.
Ultraviolet light photochemistry domestic hydrogen
bugs chemicals sewage germ-free bug-killing
Photochemistry
Scientists have found new ways to shed light on the old problem of pollution - by using
1_____________ lamps to eradicate bacteria.
They have discovered that if sewage or other effluent is mixed with titanium dioxide, the basic ingredient of paint, and then exposed to ultra-violet 2 ______________, the result is annihilation of all 3 _______________.
This startlingly simple and cheap technique was revealed at last month's British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Swansea when researchers outlined their latest discoveries in the rapidly expanding field of 4 ______________, the study of compounds that react to light.
The ultraviolet project, a spin-off from research aimed at producing
5 _____________ fuel from sea water, has widespread applications. For example, simple, yet highly effective devices for removing legionella bacteria from office air conditioning systems could be built this way, said Dr Andrew Mills of Swansea University. In addition, pilot
6 _____________ plants that use ultraviolet light are already being tested in America and Britain.
There are two parts to the 7 ______________ system. Firstly, titanium dioxide is mixed in water. Then, when ultraviolet light is shone on the mixture, the titanium dioxide becomes energized and begins to oxidize chemicals it comes in contact with.
'Any bacteria that touch the granules are mineralized,' said Dr Mills, who presented the keynote Kelvin Lecture at the association meeting in Swansea. 'It is an extremely simple but powerful effect.'
The action produced is similar to that of household bleach, which one day could be replaced by ultraviolet light, he added.
'One idea is to use ultraviolet light to make the 8 _____________ toilets of the future. The toilet would be coated in titanium dioxide and then an ultra-violet light would shine when the seat is put down, just as a fridge light comes on when its door is opened. Bacteria wouldn't have a chance.'
This last idea may seem a trifle eccentric. Nevertheless, several major companies, including Unilever, have recently begun research on ultraviolet-powered
9 ______________ appliances, though most of this effort has concentrated on developing washing machines. Instead of using heat and detergents to break down and remove dirt on clothes, ultra-violet light would do the job.
Apart from saving on electricity, such devices would avoid the use of poisonous chemicals, like bleach, or detergents that have harmful environmental effects. 'That is the real motive of our research', added Dr Mills. 'Light-powered devices will free us from using damaging 10 _______________, and also from having to generate electricity to provide heat – and that will have a considerable number of benefits, particularly for the environment.'
Assignment 5
Read the text about Alta Chemical (a leading global manufacturer of adhesives, printing inks, specialty polymers and other materials). Use the words given in the box to fulfill the spaces.
commercial, innovation, developments, generating, working, production, chemists, developed, successfully, marketing
Technology and Innovation
Our success in 1__________ is primarily based in the close collaboration of our technicians, polymer 2 ____________, and scientists in interdisciplinary project teams. Our R&D culture incorporates internal collaboration with 3 ____________, sales and 4____________ but also external collaboration with research and industry partners. This carefully balanced 5 ___________ network is our quality base for acquiring, handling and 6 ____________ new know-how in the form of Basic Research, Material Science, Products. In the past few years Alta Chemical 7 ____________ a number of new technologies platforms which already have lead to new products and still hold potential for further 8 ______________.
The latest technologies and facilities are deployed to satisfy 9 _____________ the specific needs of every individual customer. Make use of it and achieve 10 _____________ success.
