Контрольная по англ. яз.

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое, определите его время, вид и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Например: is based – Pr. Simple Passive
1. Compound semiconductors have been applied to a great extent.
have been applied - Present Perfect Passive
2. The performance characteristics of amplifiers will have been altered.
will have been altered - Future Perfect Passive
3. The model has been modified and is now being used in many practical situations.
has been modified - Present Perfect Passive
is being used - Present Continuous Passive
4. Magnetic amplifiers have been employed for some 50 years; transistors were reported upon in 1948.
have been employed - Present Perfect Passive
were reported upon - Past Simple Passive
5. The problem will be dealt with in the next chapter.
will be dealt with - Future Simple Passive
6. Which of the two operations is to be performed next?
is to be performed - глагол to be в Present Simple Active + Indefinite Infinitive Passive
7. Those who learn a foreign language must follow spelling and grammar rules.
learn - Present Simple Active
must follow - модальный глагол must + Indefinite Infinitive Active глагола to follow
8. They left before the hour of the next meeting has been agreed upon.
left - Past Simple Active
has been agreed upon - Present Perfect Passive
9. She was being laughed at by everybody.
was being laughed at - Past Continuous Passive
10. They say that paper must have been invented in China.
must have been invented - модальный глагол must + Perfect Infinitive Passive глагола to invent
2. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в следующих предложениях в страдательном залоге, стараясь сохранить время.
1. Thirty people were killed and injured (травмировать, получать увечье) in that terrible accident.
2. The treasure is hidden in a place which no one could find.
3. A foreign language can't be learnt in a few days.
4. The dog was mad and it had to be shot.
3. Из данных слов постройте предложения. Глаголы в скобках поставьте в нужную форму страдательного залога.
1. This exercise was done correctly by a few students.
2. This book was written by a very young author.
3. His new suit is being made by a first-class tailor.
4. Heat is given to us by the sun rays.
5. The child was often left home alone.
4. Трансформируйте предложения в активный залог, используя слова they, we, somebody в качестве подлежащего, где это необходимо.
1. Harry wasn't punished at all. -
2. The problem will be dealt with in the next chapter. –
3. They knew that the reason had been explained to us. –
5. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals. –
5. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to do, to be, to have.
1. Don't come at 9 o'clock.
2. Did he do his work well?
3. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.
4. The engineers are to study the problem of using artificial intelligence.
5. We had to change the design of this machine.
6. There are two main classes of film and hybrid integrated circuits.
7. The transistors and diodes are widely used on monolithic integrated circuits because of the relatively small size.
8. The semiconductor may have a net positive electrostatic charge.
9. The pilots had to maintain direct radio contact between the planes.
10. A modern automatic digital computer does more than 100 mln operations in each second.
6. Трансформируйте следующие предложения в придаточные дополнительные, начав с фраз I knew, I thought, He said . Измените время глаголов-сказуемых в придаточных дополнительных в соответствии с правилами согласования времен. Произведите другие необходимые преобразования.
1. I thought my foreign friends were going to send me an invitation for visiting Paris.
2. He said we could simplify this question, but there was no need for doing this.
3. I knew a calculator was just any other electronic system, except that it used digital electronics instead of analog electronics.
4. He said everybody was going to attend the scientific conference, which was to be held in our city in May.
5. I knew the TV program did not seem interesting and viewers could not expect any positive changes in it.
6. He said he did not have to take a bus – he lived near the University.
7. I thought the experiment had already been conducted, and scientists were pleased with the results.
8. I knew it had taken him a lot of effort to complete the experiment in time.
9. I thought some of the most respected publications had declared that a machine could have never done anything that required thought.
10. I knew how directions were to be expressed to the computer.
7. Перепишите следующий диалог с целью передачи чужих высказываний в косвенной речи сначала в настоящем времени (Например, Professor says that Alec’s answer was rather good and……), а затем в прошедшем (Например, Professor said that Alec’s answer had been rather good and……). Помните, что при передаче чужого высказывания в косвенной речи действует правило согласования времен, если косвенная речь вводится глаголом в прошедшем времени!
Professor says that Alec’s answer was rather good and he would like to ask him a few extra questions. Alec agrees and says he was ready.
Professor asks what an interface was. Alec answers that the interface was interconnection between hardware, software, and people.
Professor says that was right and asks if he agreed that there were hardware interfaces and software interfaces. Alec agrees and says that there were also interfaces between people and computers; they were terminal screens and keyboards.
Professor asks what hardware interfaces were. Alec answers that they were physical channels, cables, or wires. He says they connected and exchanged electronic signals between the CPU and peripherals or between any two units.
Professor asks what about software interfaces, if he could give any example. Alec answers that software interfaces were application programs, Data Base Management Systems, communication programs, and the operating system. Professor specifies what they were. Alec says they were specific messages established between programs.
Professor says that Alec’s answer was rather good and he likes his answer. Alec’s mark is a five. Alec thanks to Professor and says Good-bye.
Professor said that Alec’s answer had been rather good and he would have liked to ask him a few extra questions. Alec agreed and said he had been ready.
Professor asked what an interface had been. Alec answered that the interface had been interconnection between hardware, software, and people.
Professor said that had been right and asked if he had agreed that there had been hardware interfaces and software interfaces. Alec agreed and said that there had been also interfaces between people and computers; they had been terminal screens and keyboards.
Professor asked what hardware interfaces had been. Alec answered that they had been physical channels, cables, or wires. He said they connected and exchanged electronic signals between the CPU and peripherals or between any two units.
Professor asked what about software interfaces, if he could have given any example. Alec answered that software interfaces had been application programs, Data Base Management Systems, communication programs, and the operating system. Professor specified what they had been. Alec said they had been specific messages established between programs.
Professor said that Alec’s answer had been rather good and he had liked it. Alec’s mark was a five. Alec thanked to Professor and said Good-bye.
8. Передайте диалог, пересказанный в косвенной речи, в прямой речи.
David: John, do you know something about translating machines?
John: Yes, translating machines were built many times but none of them, however, did its job well enough. That was the reason why research on translating machines went continuously.
David: One day I saw a CD with some programs, which might help to translate from Russian into English.
John: David, don’t waste your money and time because all these programs are unable to produce intelligible translation. They merely substitute Russian words with English equivalents and do not analyze the relations between the words of each sentence.
David: So many logical processes are involved when translating. The machine must know much about grammar, and Russian grammar is so different from English.
John: The commonest problem is where a word can have more than one meaning. A human translator would know which meaning to choose from the context. But machines have been known to make the wrong choice because if a machine is to make usable translations, it itself must be able to extract some, at least, of the meaning of the text. Such machines are much further off. So, David, study English hard!
9. Сгруппируйте предложения в зависимости от функции герундия, а затем переведите на русский язык.
1. Casting is а process of forming metal objects.
6. Melting may be done in cupolas, air furnaces, electric furnaces, etc.
2. Numerous methods have been developed for producing metal castings.

4. There are some ways of obtaining high quality alloys.
7. Some metals require treatment before being placed in the melting furnace.
5. Aluminum has a melting point of 658.7° C.
8. We know of electric furnaces being used for the production of high-grade castings.
10. Mankind is interested in atomic energy being used only for peaceful purposes.
3. The test needed increasing the temperature of the metal.
9. Plastics are a new group of materials replacing natural products.
10. Перепишите предложения. Переведите группы выделенных слов, а затем и все предложение на русский язык.
1. In building new metallurgical factories, engineers have to solve many different problems.
2. In melting steel, electric furnaces, crucible furnaces and converters are used.
3. Liquids and gases expand on heating.
4. On completing the construction, the machine was tested in operation.
5. Casting is a process of forming metal objects by melting metal and pouring it into molds.
6. By introducing new methods the engineers increased the speed of manufacture.
7. High-quality programs can't be produced without employing qualified programmers.
8. Magnets made by rubbing pieces of iron against natural magnets are called artificial magnets.
9. Scientists succeeded in developing means of obtaining a synthetic rubber.
10. The hardening process consists in heating steel and cooling it in water.
11. Сравните приводимые ниже предложения с инфинитивом и покажите разницу их структурных моделей через перевод.
1. To explain this simple fact is not very easy.
To explain this fact you must know certain rules.
2. To find the mass of the electron was then of prime importance.
To use electric currents properly we must be able to detect and measure them.
3. To insulate is to surround a conductor with insulating material.
To explain why the temperatures of the observed bodies are quite different one should refer to the laws of hydrodynamics.
12. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения с инфинитивом в функции определения.
1. The instruments to be used in this experiment have been provided with filters.
2. Lomonosov was the first to discover that heat, light and electricity are different forms of movement.
3. The problem mentioned above and to be considered in this paper is concerned with new principles of computer design.
4. The problem to be studied can be simplified by the use of controlled experimental conditions.
5. Industrial robots to be built now perform certain tasks even better than the man.
6. Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part.
13. Определите, является ли Ving форма причастием настоящего времени или герундием. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This can be illustrated by examining the memory chip. (герундий)
2. Then a final process known as metalisation completes the chip, thus reducing the processing time for a new design by two-thirds. (герундий, причастие)
3. For systems requiring lower performance there is a choice: choice of technology and choice of design. (причастие)
4. The designers have aimed at gaining performance by reducing the complexity of the control logic. (герундий, герундий)
5. Solving these complex equations may require a digital computer. (герундий)
6. The advantages of the new equipment is functioning under wide changes of temperature and pressure. (герундий)
7. This represents a set of programs concerned with displaying, analyzing, checking and simulating the design. (герундий)
8. Nearly all components and interconnections for data-processing equipment are fabricated by automated printing techniques, with the information for the manufacturing data being in digital form. (герундий, причастие)
9. When applying these two methods, consideration should be given to the physical phenomenon. (герундий)
10. The automated landing system must ensure landing the passenger airplane at night. (причастие, герундий)
14. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующий текст.
There are several advantages in making computers as small as possible. Sometimes weight is particularly important. A modern aircraft, for example, carries quite a load of electronic apparatus. If it is possible to make any of these smaller, and therefore lighter, the aircraft can carry a bigger load. This kind of consideration applies to space satellites and to all kinds of computers that have to be carried about.
But weight is not the only factor. The smaller the computer the faster it can work. The signals go to and from at a very high but almost constant speed. So if one can scale down all dimensions to, let us say, one tenth, the average lengths of the current paths will be reduced to one tenths. So, very roughly speaking, scaling down of all linear dimensions in the ration of one to ten also gives a valuable advantage, the speed of operation is scaled up to 10 times. Other techniques allow even further speed increase.
The increase of operation is a real advantage. Another advantage is that less power is required to run the computer. In space satellites this is an important matter. Another advantage is reliability. Mini-computers have been made possible by the development of integrated circuits. Repair of any kind is no longer needed. If one component circuit develops a fault, all that is needed is to locate the faulty unit, throw it away and plug in a new one.