Заказ № 2088 Английский язык

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Вариант 5

ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS

   An accounting system in a given country is one of the key elements of the economic system. It is determined to a significant extent by the level and direction of the economic system's development.

   The most important theoretical concept of the Anglo-American accounting may be summed up as follows: the subject of accounting is the calculation of the financial results of an economic entity's business activity.

   Accounting is used to describe the transactions entered into by all kinds of organizations.

   Accounting can be divided into three phases: capture, processing and communication of financial information.

   The first phase, the process of capturing financial information and recording it, is called book-keeping. Accounting extends far beyond the actual making of records. It includes their analysis and interpretation, it shows the relationship between the financial results and events, which have created them.

   Accounting can show the managers or owners of a business whether or not the business is operating at a profit, whether or not the business will be able to meet the commitments as they fall due.

   Accounting is based on the accounting equation, which states that a firm's assets must equal its liabilities plus its owners' equity.

   Assets and liabilities, profits and losses are listed in financial statements. The two main types of financial statements are the balance sheet and the income statement(profit and loss account).

   The balance sheet lists a firm's assets, liabilities and owner's equity at a point of time.

   If you want to make changes in the balance sheet, you will have to do it according to the principle of double-entry book-keeping. This principle states that each transaction must be recorded on the balance sheet as two separate entries so that the totals of each side will always equal one another, and that this will always be true no matter; how many transactions are entered into.

   Balance sheets are drawn up periodically: monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, annually.

   There is an account for every asset, every liability and capital. Accounts can be prepared either on a cash or accrual basis. Each account should be shown on a separate page.

   The double entry system divides each page into two halves. The left-hand side is called the debit side, while the right-hand side is called the credit side.

   The balance sheet shows a lot of useful financial information, but it does not show everything. A firm's sales, costs, and profits for a given period are shown in an in- come statement.

Exercise 1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What role does an accounting system play in an economy?

2. Into what phases is accounting broken down?

3. What is an accounting equation?

4. What is the most widely practiced principle of book-keeping?

5. What does the balance sheet list?

6. What is shown in the income statement?

Exercise 2. Найдите английский эквивалент для следующих выражений из текста.

1. ключевой элемент экономической системы;

2. финансовые результаты хозяйственной деятельности хозяйствующего субъекта;

3. сделки, в которые вступают различные организации;

4. получение, обработка и передача информации;

5. отражение информации в финансовой отчетности;

6. работать с прибылью;

7. отражать в балансе, составлять баланс.

Exercise 3. Выпишите из текста все условные предложения и переведите их.

Exercise 4. Сделайте следующее предложение условным 1, 2, 3 типов и переведите их. 

1. If you (want) to find out if a business is profitable, account (show) you this.

Exercise 5. Подчеркните в тексте инфинитив.

Exercise 6. Переведите текст на русский язык.