💯 Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности [Темы 1-4] — ответы на тесты Синергия / МОИ / МТИ / МосАП

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Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности

• Введение в курс
• Тема 1. Psychology as a Science
• Тема 2. Approaches to Psychology
• Тема 3. Mental Processes.
• Тема 4. Emotions
• Анкета обратной связи
• Итоговая аттестация

… (1832–1920) was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Wilhelm Wundt
• William James
• Sigmund Freud
• James Lange

… created cognitive-mediational theory.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Richard Lazarus
• Sigmund Freud
• Charles Darwin

… emotions theory provides a conceptual framework for the role of emotions in affective disorders.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

… is a critical tool for successfully navigating our complex world. Without it, we would be forced to rely solely on intuition, other people’s authority, and blind luck.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

… is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory; sometimes it is called working memory.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Short-term memory
• Long-term memory
• Sensory memory

… is a type of communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

… is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

… is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

… memory is a type of implicit memory: it stores information about how to do things. It is the memory for skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, how to swim the crawl (freestyle) stroke.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

… memory is also called non-declarative memory.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

… might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then this approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• an excellent approach
• self-correcting process
• the individual experiencing
• case studies

… refers to the extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the characteristic.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Evolution
• Fitness
• Science
• Adaptability

… was an ancient diagnosis for disorders, primarily of women with a wide variety of symptoms, including physical symptoms and emotional disturbances, none of which had an apparent physical cause.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

… was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. James was introduced to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism’s characteristics.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

A … is a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct, and it is often worded as an if-then statement (e.g., if I study all night, I will get a passing grade on the test).

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

A … reasoning argument might go something like this: All living things require energy to survive (this would be your hypothesis). Ducks are living things. Therefore, ducks require energy to survive (logical conclusion).

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

A …, or lie detector test, measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

A(n) … method for acquiring knowledge is one based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

An … is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ….

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• biological stage
• object permanence
• personality
• perception

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in … .

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• biology
• chemistry
• philosophy
• physics

Choose three types of encoding (not its processes) – Select 3 correct answers:

Тип ответа: Множественный выбор • с выбором нескольких правильных ответов из предложенных вариантов

• Visual
• Effortful processing
• Automatic processing
• Acoustic
• Semantic
• Self-Reference Effect

Craik and Tulving concluded that we process verbal information best through … encoding, especially if we apply what is called the self-reference effect.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

Descartes believed in the principle of …: that the mind is fundamentally different from the mechanical body.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

Encoding information occurs through automatic and … processing.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

Episodic memories are also called autobiographical memories. The concept of episodic memory was first proposed by … in 1972.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. This is known as …, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

In … reasoning, empirical observations lead to new ideas:

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

In … reasoning, ideas are tested against the empirical world:

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

In … reasoning, ideas are tested against the empirical world.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Deductive
• Scientific
• Inductive
• Industrial

In …, information can be accessed only if one knows the exact location of the memory. In the …, information can be accessed through spreading activation from closely related concepts.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• computers; brain
• brain; computers
• computing; memory
• memory; computing

In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages. Put these three stages into consecutive order:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 Sensory Memory
• 2 Short-Term Memory
• 3 Long-Term Memory

In the brain, …, which operate using an electrochemical process, are much slower but also vastly more complex and useful than the transistors used by computers.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

In which order are mentioned scientists in the lecture?

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 William Bousfield
• 2 Fergus Clark and Endel Tulving
• 3 Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
• 4 Karl Lashley

In which order the topics are brought up in the lecture?

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 Memory
• 2 Encoding
• 3 Sensory memory
• 4 Other types of memory
• 5 Parts of the brain that are involved into process of memorizing
• 6 Sins of memory

Individuals suffering from … show marked reductions in the volume of several parts of the hippocampus, which may result from decreased levels of neurogenesis and dendritic branching.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Posttraumatic stress disorder
• Amnesia
• Hysteria

Inductive reasoning uses empirical observations to construct broad ….

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Constructions
• Generalizations
• Commonizations
• Statements

It is also believed that … emotions trigger the formation of strong memories

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Strong
• Weak
• Prominent
• Low

Long-term memory (LTM) is the continuous storage of information. Unlike short-term memory, the storage capacity of LTM has … limits.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• certain
• no
• neither
• a lot of

Match a sin of memory with its example:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. Transience
• B. Absentmindedness
• C. Blocking
• D. Misattribution
• E. Forget events that occurred long time ago
• F. Forget where your phone is
• G. Tip of the tongue
• H. Recalling a dream memory as a waking memory

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. unconscious processes
• B. human behavior
• C. cognitive factors
• D. inductive reasoning
• E. deductive reasoning
• F. fundamental difference
• G. scientific approaches
• H. бессознательные процессы
• I. поведение человека
• J. когнитивные факторы
• K. индуктивное размышление
• L. дедуктивное размышление
• M. фундаментальное различие
• N. научные подходы

Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. advantages and
• B. problem and
• C. classification and
• D. question and
• E. disadvantages
• F. solution
• G. definition
• H. answer

Match the perspective and its description:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. Biological
• B. Behavioral
• C. Humanistic
• D. Cognitive
• E. The … perspective helps us understand how the body and brain work to create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
• F. The … perspective studies the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and modified in particular environments.
• G. The … perspective arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic view, which sees people as driven by unconscious internal forces, and the behavioristic view, which sees people as shaped by the external environment.
• H. The … perspective emphasizes how we process, store, and retrieve information and how we use it to reason and solve problems.

Match the sins of memory and examples:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. Transience
• B. Absentmindedness
• C. Blocking
• D. Suggestibility
• E. Bias
• F. Persistence
• G. Forget events that occurred long ago
• H. Forget where your phone is
• I. Tip of the tongue
• J. Result from leading questions
• K. Align memories to current beliefs
• L. Traumatic events

Match the sins of memory and their types

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. Blocking
• B. Bias
• C. Persistence
• D. Forgetting
• E. Distortion
• F. Intrusion

Match the two parts of each term:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. bio-
• B. neuro-
• C. psycho-
• D. para-
• E. -psychology
• F. -biology
• G. -analysis
• H. -chemistry

Match the two parts of each word:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. dis-
• B. iden-
• C. reinfor-
• D. inhi-
• E. -odered
• F. -tity
• G. -cement
• H. -bition

Match the two parts of the phrases:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. developmental
• B. classical
• C. drug
• D. psychology
• E. conditioning
• F. dependency

Match the words to form complete phrases and sentences:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. Understanding better
• B. Establishing more
• C. Gaining insights
• D. Increasing acceptance
• E. the principles of human behaviour within organizations
• F. productive working relationships
• G. into your own leadership motivations and behaviors
• H. of your ideas and work requests

Match the words to form complete phrases:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. Emotional and
• B. Dealing with
• C. Handling psychologically
• D. Overcoming
• E. social competencies of leaders
• F. necessary evils
• G. challenging work-related situations
• H. internal barriers to change

Match these terms with their Russian equivalents:

Тип ответа: Сопоставление

• A. limbic system
• B. psychological appraisal
• C. physiological arousal
• D. hippocampus
• E. basolateral complex
• F. cognitive appraisal theory
• G. лимбическая система
• H. когнитивная оценочная теория
• I. гиппокамп
• J. базолатеральный комплекс
• K. психологическая оценка
• L. физиологическое возбуждение

Name one part of the brain which is responsible for memory: …

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

One would need at least a(n) … degree to serve as a school psychologist.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• associate’s
• bachelor’s
• master’s
• doctoral

Order these three stages of memory:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 Encoding
• 2 Storage
• 3 Retrieval

Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was …. He was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

Psychologists focus their attention on understanding …, as well as the psychological (mental) and physical processes that underlie it.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• behaviour
• intuition
• mind
• experience

Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the … century, compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• 19th
• 20th
• 18th
• 17th

Put the following sentences in the right order:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 The article "The New Science of Happiness" discusses .....
• 2 the top four things that bring people the greatest happiness.
• 3 The correct answer, holidays, is not included in the list. This ....
• 4 suggests that while faith, children, and spouse/partner are considered important factors for happiness,
• 5 holidays are not seen as one of the top contributors.

Put the phrases in the correct order to form a sentence:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 psyche comes to
• 2 represent the human soul’s
• 3 triumph over the
• 4 misfortunes of life in the
• 5 pursuit of true happiness

Put the phrases in the correct order to form a sentence:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 psychologists’ activities are widely
• 2 varied, ranging from studies
• 3 of the links between biology
• 4 and behavior, to experimental
• 5 studies of perception and
• 6 memory, to the
• 7 diagnosis and therapies
• 8 of clinical psychology

Put the phrases in the correct order to form a sentence:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 this is one reason
• 2 why our scientific understanding
• 3 of the mind is so limited,
• 4 since thoughts, at least
• 5 as we experience them,
• 6 are neither matter nor energy

Put the phrases in the correct order to make a sentence:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 the two-factor theory
• 2 maintains that the snake
• 3 elicits sympathetic nervous
• 4 system activation that is
• 5 labelled as fear given
• 6 the context, and our
• 7 experience is that of fear.

Put the stages of scientific research in the correct order:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 Make an observation
• 2 Ask a question
• 3 Form a hypothesis
• 4 Make a prediction
• 5 Do an experiment
• 6 Analyze the results
• 7 Report the results

Put the topics in the order they were mentioned in the lecture:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 What is emotion?
• 2 What is mood?
• 3 James-Lange’s theory
• 4 Cannon-Bard’s theory
• 5 What is differential emotion theory?
• 6 What is cognitive theory of emotion appraisal?

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

Тип ответа: Сортировка

• 1 the James-Lange theory
• 2 of emotion
• 3 suggests that
• 4 physical changes in the body
• 5 happen first,
• 6 which then leads to
• 7 to the experience

Read the question below and select one correct answer based on the information provided in the course: Question: Why do you think many people might be sceptical about psychology being a science?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Science cannot directly study the mind because it is not a form of matter or energy.
• These people simply don’t know all the facts about modern technology.
• Psychology is not and cannot be a science so these people are completely right.

Read the text and answer the question: There is a guy, Brian, in your class that always seems to know what your professor is going to say next. He knows what mood the professor’s in before he even starts speaking and based on this he can even predict if you are going to have an unexpected quiz or not. Question: Why do you think that happens?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Brian is very skilled at reading body language and people’s emotions.
• Brian can read minds and is actually a superhero.
• Brian goes to the teacher’s lounge and listens to conversations there.

Read the text below and answer the question: A subject, sometimes in a room isolated from the scientist, would receive a stimulus such as a light, image, or sound. The subject’s reaction to the stimulus would be to push a button, and an apparatus would record the time to reaction. The experimenters could measure reaction time to one-thousandth of a second. They also interviewed the subject about their feelings and reactions. However, despite their efforts to train individuals, this process remained highly subjective, and there was very little agreement between individuals. Question: What is the name of this approach to psychology?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Psychoanalysis
• Functionalism
• Structuralism

Read the text below and answer the question: First, environmental stimuli enter our sensory memory for a period of less than a second to a few seconds. Those stimuli that we notice and pay attention to then move into short-term memory (also called working memory). After that, we rehearse this information, and then it moves into long-term memory for permanent storage. Long-term memory has limited storage capacity and needs to be refreshed regularly. Question: What is wrong in this description of the memory function?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Long-term memory is practically limitless.
• Stimuli from the environment need to be at least a few minutes.
• All stimuli move to short-term memory.

Read the text below and answer the question: Scientific knowledge is …. It is grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing. Question: What word is missing in this description?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• empirical
• deductive
• inductive

Read the text below and answer the question: There is an approach to psychology that focuses on unconscious drives and the potential to improve lives through psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. It implies that there’s a lot of information in the person’s subconsciousness that needs to be addressed for the individual to function in a healthy way. Question: What approach is meant here?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Biological perspective.
• Functional perspective.
• Psychodynamic perspective.

Read the text below and answer the question: There was a huge end-of-the-year party right before the end of the semester. Everyone attended. Later, during the summer, most of your group also attended a summer school for amateur psychologists. Now when you’re all back from vacation, it seems as if your memories of the party are different. You talked to some people and realized that those who attended the summer school have similar memories, whereas those who didn’t – have different ones. Question: How do you explain this phenomenon?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• It is an example of Transience. Probably at the summer school they reminisced about the party a lot and it transformed their memories.
• It is an example of Bias. Those who attended the summer school thought that they were better than the ones who didn’t.
• It is an example of Absentmindedness. Probably at the summer school everyone forgot what actually happened at the party.

Read the text below and answer the question: You and your friend John were walking in the park chatting about upcoming exams. Suddenly, there’s a loud noise and a group of small children passes by, running and laughing. You were a little bit surprised but quickly came to your senses, however, John was breathing heavily and looked terribly scared. He later texted and said that he couldn’t shake this fear off for the rest of the day. He also mentioned that it was a learnt adaptive reaction from his childhood. Question: What does John mean?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• John is actually scared of children because they run very fast and tend to surprise him.
• John had a traumatic experience when he was a child and this is why he reacted this way.
• It is completely normal to quickly get scared and then continue to exist in this state for a while.

Read the text below and answer the question: Your colleague is a therapist who provides talking therapy services. During his sessions he helps his clients manage their problems by changing the way they think about them and the way they behave. Question: What approach to therapy is described above?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Cognitive-behavioral approach.
• Psychodynamic approach.
• Experimental approach.

Read the text below and answer the question:

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• They live from a place of having more internalized joy and looking for the joy
• They have a genetic predisposition that is impossible to influence later in life
• They avoid drama and practice ignorance to become distracted from everyday life

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and … in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• structuralism
• functionalism
• gestalt
• unconditional positive regard

Since the mid-19th century, two contrasting … to understanding the mind and behaviour have been a topic of discussion: the scientific and the introspective.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

Storage is the creation of a … record of information:

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Short-term
• Perpetual
• Permanent

Storage is the creation of a … record of information.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Permanent
• Temporary
• Limitless
• Limited

The … approach emphasizes the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental processes, and of the effect of social interaction on behaviour. This approach is supported by the psychodynamic, humanist and social-constructivist theories.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

The … approach emphasizes the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental processes, and of the effect of social interaction on behaviour.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

The … approach to psychology focuses on the analysis of the internal mental mechanisms which, scientists claim, can only be accessed through observable behaviour. This view is largely supported by physiologists and behaviourists.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

The … system is the area of the brain involved in emotion and memory. The system includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and the hippocampus.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

The … theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response when threatened.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• James-Lange
• Cannon Bard
• Schachter-Singer
• Lazarus

The … theory of emotion is another variation on theories of emotions that takes into account both physiological arousal and the emotional experience. According to this theory, emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive.

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• James-Lange
• Cannon Bard
• Schachter-Singer
• Lazarus

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ….

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Encoding
• Retrieval
• Reprocessing
• Memory

The cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology during …

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• the 1970s
• the 1930s
• the 1960s

The cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology during the …

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• 1960s
• 1980s
• 2000s
• 2010s.

The facial-feedback theory of emotions suggests that … expressions are connected to experiencing emotions.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

The model of human …, called Atkinson-Shiffrin:

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Brain
• Hormones
• Memory

The part of the brain NOT involved with memory is the …

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Amygdala
• Hippocampus
• Cerebellum
• Pituitary gland

The process approach is founded on the studies made by these two scientists (Select 2 correct answers):

Тип ответа: Множественный выбор • с выбором нескольких правильных ответов из предложенных вариантов

• Pavlov
• Watson
• Freud
• Lange

The types of reasoning in the framework of hypothesis or general premise and empirical observations are called …:

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• practical and theoretical
• deductive and inductive
• empirical and theoretical

The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning …, and “logos,” meaning explanation.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

These fields of psychology are most commonly practised in everyday life. (Select 2 correct answers);

Тип ответа: Множественный выбор • с выбором нескольких правильных ответов из предложенных вариантов

• social
• psychodynamic
• clinical
• humanistic

We express … when we feel physically or psychologically threatened. This facial expression is often confused with surprise. But when we’re surprised, our eyes open wider, and our mouth isn’t pulled sideways.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

What name is given to the study of many individuals where an attempt is made to compare them with others?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• nomopathetic approach
• nomosynthetic approach
• nomothetic approach
• nonsensical approach

When people are … they avert their gaze, which means they move their head down and to the side, exposing their neck.

Тип ответа: Текcтовый ответ

Who first demonstrated semantic encoding?

Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор • с выбором одного правильного ответа из нескольких предложенных вариантов

• Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
• Richard Atkinson
• William Bousfield