Заказ № 2174. Английский язык. Задание Unit № 1. «Тюменский индустриальный университет».

Английский язык. Задание Unit № 1.

Тюменский индустриальный университет.

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Unit № 1.

1.  Learn the following words and word-combinations:

Properties -свойства

To undergo – подвергаться ч-л

Composition - состав

Conditions -условия

To accompany smth/ smb – сопровождать к-л/ ч-л

To deal with – иметь дело с

Chemical reactivity – химическая активность

Manufacture - производство

Sufficient facts – достоверные/ обоснованные факты

Volume of a gas – объем газа

External pressure – внешнее давление

Relationship – отношение, взаимодействие

The concept of the chemical elements – концепция химических элементов

Formulation of molecules – строение молекулы

Regularities in the properties of the elements –периодичность в свойствах элементов

To devote - посвящать

Hydrogen atom – атом водорода

Contribution - вклад

To create - создавать

Goods - товары

Polymers - полимеры

Phenomena - явления

Ores - руды

Carbon - углерод

Measurement - измерение

To occur – встречаться, случаться, совершаться

Electrolysis - электролиз

Conducting medium – проводящая среда

Solution – растворение, раствор

Molten substance – расплавленное вещество

Deposition – отложение, осаждение

2. Read and translate the text. Prepare its summary in English.

THE SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is the science which deals with materials, their properties and the transformations they undergo. So chemistry is the study of the composition and properties of matter, their changes, the conditions under which such changes take place, and the energy which accompany them.

Chemistry is concerned with the nature of fire and the structure of water, it deals with colours, catalysis and crystal structure, with physical properties and chemical reactivity.

Chemistry is one of fundamental sciences. On the one hand chemistry is linked with biology through biochemistry, and on the other with physics through physical chemistry. It plays an important part in the development of biochemistry, physics, geology, and many other fields of science.

Chemistry's origin goes back to ancient times, with the manufacture of bronze, iron, ceramics, glass. At the end of the sixteenth century sufficient facts, entirely free of magic which surrounded the work of alchemists appeared.

In the seventeenth century modern chemistry began with the work of Robert Boyle. He was the first one who studied quantitatively the relationship between the volume of a gas and the external pressure upon it. Later A. Lavoisier introduced the concept of the chemical elements.

In the 19th century A. Avogadro introduced the formulation of molecules. He stated that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.

F.A. Kekule and A.M. Butlerov introduced the structural theory of organic chemistry.

In 1869 D.I. Mendeleyev discovered regularities in the properties of the elements. D.I. Mendeleyev's discovery was the greatest one in chemistry.

Many great scientists devoted their life to the development of chemistry among them Bohr whose theory of the hydrogen atom was very important, the Curies who in 1934 announced the preparation of artificially radio-active elements, Marie Curie who discovered radium, and the element polonium.   

Many great Russian chemists made a great contribution to world science. Among them, the outstanding Russian chemists M.V. Lomonosov, D.I. Mendeleyev, A.M. Butlerov, Academician N.N. Semenov, and many others.

Everyone now understands the importance of chemistry. The future of chemistry is practically unlimited. Rapid development of chemical industry will make it possible to create many new goods, machines, plastics, polymers, it will help to understand many new phenomena.

* * *

Now there are more than 30 different branches of chemistry. Some of them are: inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, colloidal chemistry, and electrochemistry.

Inorganic chemistry deals with substances obtained directly or indirectly from minerals, ores and similar sources.

Organic chemistry deals with substances which are composed in part of carbon, and many of which are associated in some ways with living bodies, plants, and animals.

Physical chemistry is concerned with those parts of chemistry which are closely linked with physics. Physical chemistry includes many of the principles of physics as well as those of chemistry. The knowledge of this division of the science is particularly important in all fields of chemistry, since its fundamental laws are the bases all the different divisions are established upon.    

Analytical chemistry is concerned with the identification, separation, and quantitative measurement of the composition of different substances that occur in nature.

Nuclear chemistry deals with the identifications of atomic nuclei and with reactions which take place between them.

Colloidal chemistry is concerned with special properties of substances in a finely dispersed condition.

Electrochemistry is concerned with the relation between electrical energy and chemical change. An electrolysis is the process whereby electrical energy causes a chemical change in the conducting medium, which usually is a solution or a molten substance. The process is generally used as a method of deposition of metals from a solution.