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Тема 1. History of computers (История компьютеров)
Тема 2. Information dependent society (Информационно-зависимое общество)
Тема 3. Development of microelectronics (Развитие микроэлектроники)
According to the research company comScore Networks in 2019, the number of Internet users worldwide amounted to 747 million people. The United States has the largest audience of Internet users – 153.4 million people, that is, almost every second American regularly goes online. In second place is China – in China today 86.8 million Internet users. Russia still occupies 13th place in terms of the number of people connected to the Network – 12.7 million people. However, Africa with 800 million people accounts for only 1 % of the total number of its users in the world, with 90 % of them living in South Africa. Identify the type of information society problem in the above case study.
· inequality of countries and regions
· insecurity of personal data
· labor unemployment
The network can serve as a means of … propaganda materials of criminal organizations, recipes for the manufacture of explosives and poisonous substances, weapons, narcotic and psychotropic drugs, and methods for breaking electronic and other ciphers
· disseminating
· decreasing
· reduction
· removal
The stage of society’s development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy is called … society
The largest number of internet users currently in …
· China
· Russia
· the USA
· South Africa
A system of consumption and production that is based on intellectual capital is … economy
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year is … (give the abbreviation)
It … be noted that the problem of inequality in access to new information technologies is acute not only at the international level, but also at the micro level within each individual state
· must
· have to
· has to
· should
Put the number of Internet users worldwide from the largest to the smallest:
1. the USA
2. China
3. Russia
4. Africa
Information … must be viewed from two perspectives: as an independent industry, with its science, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities and as a basis for transformation of almost all areas of human activity
The term “developed post-industrial society” was introduced by …
· W. Martin
· Rakitov
· N. Kurnosov
· F. Machlup
… is the unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities, money, etc. than other people
Match the sentence with the time it was written:
A. Economists, sociologists, and other researchers began to investigate the effects of telecommunications and computing technologies on mature industrial countries during the 1950s and 1970s
B. For practically all of human history, labor has been sacral for the majority of people
C. Gartner has been studying and publishing the dynamics of the emergence and development of information technology for several years
D. The term “information society” refers to the social, economic, technological, and cultural changes
E. Past Simple
F. Present Perfect
G. Present Perfect Continuous
H. Present Simple
Speaking about the development of the information society in Russia, I. N. Kurnosov writes that “the strategy for the formation of the information society in the transition period to a new system of property relations … take into account the special role and responsibility of the state”
· must
· should
· have to
· to have to
The “information economy” and “post-industrial society”, two concepts from that period, are still key parts of the information … concept
Match the main characteristics of the information society according to the following criteria by W. Martin:
A. Technological
B. Social
C. Economic
D. Political
E. Cultural
F. the key factor is information technologies, which are widely used in production, institutions, the education system and in everyday life
G. information acts as an important stimulant for changing the quality of life, “information consciousness” is formed and affirmed with wide access to information
H. information is a key factor in the economy as a resource, service, product, source of value added and employment
I. freedom of information leading to a political process characterized by growing participation and consensus among different classes and social strata of the population
J. recognition of the cultural value of information by promoting the assertion of information values in the interests of the development of the individual and society as a whole
One of the advantages of Russia is an advantageous geographical location between trade and information and telecommunication flows …
· South-East
· West-East
· South-North
· North-East
According to the … criterion highlighted by W. Martin, the main characteristics of the information society are information technology, which is widely used in production, institutions, the education system and in everyday life
· social
· cultural
· economic
· technological
A process of spreading the use of digital technology such as computers and the internet to do something is called …
The unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities, money, etc. than other people, is called …
Medium-scale integrated circuits have more than around 10 … on a chip but fewer than approximately 200 (MSI)
“Molecular …” is a term for data storage technologies that use molecular species as the data storage element, rather than e.g. circuits, magnetics, inorganic materials or physical shapes
Nanoelectronics is the most … breakthrough in technical development
· perfect
· distant
· ancient
· recent
Match the parts of one sentence:
A. Today’s IT managers are faced with the task…
B. Another area where microelectronics has excelled is…
C. For the past 20 years, …
D. Another area where microelectronics has excelled is…
E. …of providing more services to more users
F. …in the field of robotics
G. …the design of computer processors has remained stable
H. …making our routines a little more pleasant
Match the parts of one sentence:
A. Bell Telephone Laboratories’ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley…
B. A second type of transistor was conceived…
C. Small-scale integrated circuits are the name…
D. Medium-scale integrated circuits have more than around 10 gates on a chip…
E. …devised the bipolar transistor in 1948
F. …about 25 years before bipolar transistors
G. …given to the earliest generations of commercially produced microelectronic devices (SSI)
H. …but fewer than approximately 200
The early transistors were not only larger than the smallest tubes, but they were also more …
· expensive
· powerful
· low
· cheap
Prior to the transistor’s discovery in 1947, the only way to execute its function in an electronic circuit was to use a … tube
The last decade’s technological advancements have played a … part in the formation of modern society
· poor
· small
· significant
· inconsiderable
The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect …, which stands for MOSFET, is the most common in microelectronics
Bell Telephone Laboratories’ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley devised the … transistor in 1948
The introduction of microelectronic circuits did not, for the most part, modify the … of the basic functional units: transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other similar components were still used in microelectronic devices
· list
· future
· number
· character
The development of integrated circuits and storage devices has continued at an exponential rate; each subsequent halving of component size now takes …
· one year
· five years
· two or three years
· four or six years
Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Resolutions and colors of computers (progress) … quickly by 2022”
Arrange the stages in the history of transistors in chronological order:
1. use of vacuum tubes
2. creating a bipolar transistor
3. manufacture of field-effect transistors
Charge carriers from both polarities are involved in the operation of … transistors
A general-purpose computing device called the analytical engine was developed in 1837 by …
· James Powers
· Vannevar Bush
· Charles Babbage
· William Seward Burrough
Burroughs converted to electronic desk … and in the mid to late 1970s their products dropped from the market
· abacus
· memory
· calculators
· block note
The advent of ways for creating the numerous functional units on a crystal of semiconductor materials was critical to the development of …
Arrange the computers in chronological order of their creation:
1. abacus
2. Mark 1
3. Z1
4. Atanasoff-Berry Computer
Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “What will the computers of the future (look) … like?”
Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “The power of computers (double) … roughly every 18 months to 2 years since the 1960s”
The term “information…” refers to the social, economic, technological, and cultural changes that have occurred as a result of the rapid development and extensive use of information and communication technologies
· people
· society
· industry
· world
… are made for program logic and for computer memory
· Monitors
· Usb-ports
· Vacuum tubes
· Microchips
The description of a type of microcomputer is down below: “This type of microcomputer is just like a Mobile Device, but bigger than Smartphone and smaller then Notebook Computer. Just like Totally Smartphone feature like Touch screen display, power full Battery Backup and we can calling and receiving call and click pictures and anything”. Find out, what kind of microcomputer it is.
· This is a description of the tablet
· This is a description of the laptop
· This is a description of the smartphone
The first recognized use of the word “computer” was from …
· 1575
· 1613
· 1753
· 1801
In 1936, Alan Turing invented a universal machine, which was later called …
· the Colossus
· the Turing machine
· the Differential Analyzer
· the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine
Bell Telephone Laboratories’ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley devised the bipolar transistor in …
· 1935
· 1948
· 1964
· 1992
Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “In 1944 Howard Aiken (develop) … Mark l that could perform calculations involving large numbers”
Match the highlighted words with their meaning in the sentence:
A. The primary goal of robotization is to raise the productivity of industrial processes and the quality of products
B. Tomorrow, software applications may create real-world simulations so realistic that it will be difficult to tell whether people are looking at a computer monitor or out the window; however, such advancements will only be possible with significant performance improvements and low-cost computer technologies
C. Multi-core processors also have the advantage of increasing performance without increasing power consumption, resulting in higher performance per watt
D. attribute
E. asyndetic sentence
F. oblject
The transistor’s most significant advantage over the best vacuum tubes was that it consumed far …
· less power
· more power
· less voltage
· more voltage
Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Displays (attain) … VGA resolution by 1988, and 256-color screens were available by 1993”
Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Years ago this service (can) … be used to run algorithms and experiments, and explore tutorials and simulations around what might be possible with quantum computing”
Match machines to their characteristics:
A. Jacquard Loom
B. Analytical Engine
C. Z3
D. Harvard Mark I
E. punched wooden cards
F. mechanical-digital computer
G. fully automatic computing machine
H. automatic sequence controlled calculator
Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “The microchip which (be) … a key component in the development of the personal computer”
The information society is established in those countries – … – in which a post-industrial society was formed in the 60s and 70s
· in Brazil, Saudi Arabia, China
· in Japan, the USA, Western Europe
· in Indonesia, India, Singapore
· in Russia, Poland, Georgia
The slide rule in its basic form uses … logarithmic scales to allow fast multiplication and division of numbers
· two
· three
· four
· five
… integrated circuits are the name for the initial generations of commercially produced microelectronic devices (SSI)
Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Around the same period Intel (create) … three microprocessor designs”
Below is a description of one of the technologies: “It is a subfield of electronics. These devices are typically made from semiconductor materials. These include transistors, capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes and (naturally) insulators and conductors. As a result, this kind of IT has the potential to lower skill requirements in some vocations while raising them in others. It has influenced our daily lives in a variety of ways, making our routines a little more pleasant”. Which technology is described in the text?
· This is a description of photonics, which are an application of light generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing
· This is a description of nanoelectronics, because it refers to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. It is a set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively
· This is a description of microelectronics, because as the name suggests, microelectronics relate, to the study and manufacture (or microfabrication) of very small electronic designs and components
The explosion in world population and the rise of globalised trade demanded even faster and more flexible tools for processing …
· data
· trading
· building
· shipment
Match computers to their characteristics:
A. IBM
B. Apple
C. Mark 1
D. ENIAC
E. manufactured an easy-to-use computer with keyboard and mouse
F. stands for International Business Machine
G. the first computer
H. stands Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
Match the abbreviations and transcripts:
A. MSI
B. ALU
C. SSI
D. LSI
E. medium-scale integrated circuits
F. arithmetic and logic unit
G. small-scale integrated circuits
H. large-scale integrated circuit
The … is a small-scale special-purpose electronic digital machine for the solution of systems of linear algebraic equations and the first electronic computer incorporating vacuum tubes for digital computation
· Colossus
· Turing machine
· Differential Analyzer
· Atanasoff-Berry computer
Arrange the computers in chronological order of their creation:
1. abacus
2. Napier’s bones
3. Analytical Engine
4. ENIAC
5. UNIVAC
