Контрольная работа по английскому языку №1 вариант 4

ИрГАУ, оценка - отлично.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

a) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).

   Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. All enterprises in a capitalist economy involve a degree of risk.

2. The author mentions this phenomenon in his article.

3. The manager’s secretary met Peter and accompanied him to the office. 

4. Some economists emphasis the role of profit as a necessary incentive for innovation. 

5. John wondered where all these magazines came from.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным. (см. образец выполнения к упр. 2).

1. During its four-century-old history the city experienced several dramatic events. 

2. This year home market prices are not so high as last year.

3. Life insurance plays an important part in commerce activity.

4. The 40-meter-high arch which is the entrance to the Volga-Don Navigation Canal rises in the south of Volgograd.

5. The service center is not for from the farm enterprise.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы  сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. He thought he was the happiest man in the world.

2. The new car is more comfortable than that the previous one.

3. Last year he spent much time on English then this year.

4. He was one of the most experienced workers at the factory.

5. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and the third largest in the United Kingdom.

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. I cannot consult just any person, I need someone who is an expert on the problem and who has had enough experience.

2. He said he had no wish to read detective stories.

3. I checked a few payment document to know the terms of payment and delivery.

4. None of the young men seemed to enjoy the film.  

5. Everybody knows about the discovery of laser welding.

 II. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got).      Предложения переведите.

 1. Economics has deep roots in social philosophy. 

 2. There are a great number of goods that can be transported by air.

 3. Last week he had a meeting with his parents. 

4. He had instructions not to sing this contract. 

5. We had two seminar this week. 

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения, учитывая значения модальных глаголов.

 1. He is to go to the Far East on business.

2. We had to find a safe place for the pictures.

3. I shall have to take a local train.

4. You can reduce the fee by one thousand pounds.

5. You should keep your activities in secret.

    IV. В разделе а) раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время. В каждом предложении раздела (б) определите видо-временную форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Все предложения переведите на русский язык. ( см. образец выполнения к упр. 7 ).

  a) 

 1. Have you ever been to London? 

 2. These products are usually sold for about five years

 3. We made this payment last Monday.

 b)  

 1. Economic conditions are changing all the time.

 2. In many countries economic development has led to periods of rapid population growth. 

3. It will take some time to read this document.

4. Nick drew up an invoice.  

V. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4 абзацы текста.

The Factors of Production

1. The private enterprise system, as do all economic system, requires resources for its business to produce goods and services. The resources used to provide goods and services are the factors of production: land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship. These four factors are blended together by a business to produce goods and services. Let’s examine each.

2. Land is the natural resource that can be used to produce goods and services. Natural resources are all resources growing on and under the earth’s surface, such as trees, minerals, ore and gas.

3. Labour are the total human resources required to turn raw materials into goods and services. It would include all employees of the business from top management through the entire organization structure. 

4. Capital is the total of tools, equipment, machinery, and buildings used to produce goods and services. In this case capital does not refer simply to money. Money by itself is not productive: but when it purchases drills, typewriters, forklifts and the buildings to place them in it becomes productive.

5. Entrepreneurship is the group of skills and risk taking needed to combine the other three factors of production to produce goods and services. Entrepreneurship is the catalyst-lake heat to a fire. It is supplied by an entrepreneur, an individual or individual who are willing to take risks in return for profits.           

VI. Прочтите 5-ый и 6-ой абзацы текста и ответьте на вопрос: 

What is entrepreneurship?

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Все тексты данного раздела необходимо перевести на русский язык письменно.

Text 1

Economy

Russia was the most populous state of the former USSR and also the wealthiest one. It produced 78 per cent of all its natural gas, 60 per cent of steel, 80 per cent of timber and 91 per cent of oil. It also has one of the world’s largest fishing industries. 

The history of Russian industry goes back to the middle of the seventeenth century. The development of new industries and crafts – metal working, textiles, brick making and china manufacture – was encourager under Peter the Great. During the reign of Catherine the Great, the Urals became the focus for iron industry, and Russia became the world’s largest iron producer.

After 1870 the first railway engineering in Russia was stimulated by industrial boom. Some deals were made with western companies to develop Russian’s immense oil resources. By 1903 Russia had been the world’s largest oil producer.

Before the Revolution Russia was one of the world’s largest grain producers and exporters. But later Russia became one of  the biggest importers as a result of collectivization and mismanagement of agriculture.

In Soviet times, the central planning system was inefficient as regards both production and distribution of goods. By 1980s the quality gap between home and western products could no longer be ignored and called for reforms. Entering the world market demands from Russian economists the creation of effective management in industry and agriculture. 

Until its industry not be modernized, Russia will remain dependent on the

 energy sector. Before 1986 it was planned that an expanded nuclear programme could help the conservation of other energy resources. But after the Chernobyl disaster, these plans were sharply curtailed.

However, disposal of nuclear waster and closing down of old power plants remain major problems not only for Russia but for other industrial countries as well.

Text 2

British Economy

Britain lives by manufacture and trade. For every person employed in agriculture eleven people are employed in mining, manufacturing and building. The United Kingdom is one of the world’s largest exporters of manufactured goods per head of population. 

Apart from coal and iron ore Britain has very few natural resources and mostly depends on imports. Its agriculture provided only half the food it needs. The other half and most of the raw materials for its industries such as oil and various metals (copper, zinc, uranium ore and other) have to be imported. Britain also has import timber, cotton, fruit and farm products. 

Britain used to be richly forested, but most of the forests were cut down to make more room for cultivation. The greater part of land is used for cattle and sheep breeding and pig raising. Among the crops grown on the farms are wheat, barley and oats. The fields are mainly in the eastern part of the country. Most of the farms are small (one third of them is less then one hundred acres ). Farms tend to be bigger where the soil is less fertile.

Britain produces high quality expensive goods, which has always been characteristic of its industry. A shortage of raw materials, as well as the high cost of production makes it unprofitable for British industry to produce semi-finished goods or cheap articles. Britain mostly produces articles requiring skilled labor, such as precision instruments, electronic equipment, chemicals and high quality consumer goods. Britain produces and exports cotton and woolen goods, leather goods, and articles made of various kinds of synthetic materials.

The original basis of British industry was coal-mining, and the early factories grew up not far from the main mining areas. Glasgow and Newcastle became great centers of engineering and shipbuilding. Lancashire produced cotton goods and Yorkshire produced woolens, with Sheffield concentrating on iron and steel. Birmingham developed light engineering. There appeared a tendency for industry and population to move to the south, particularly t the London area. (Britain’s industry is now widely dispersed.) Great progress was made in the development of new industries, such as the aircraft, automobile, electronic industries and others. A number of atomic power reactors were made. Great emphasis was laid on the development of the war industry. 

Text 3

US Economy

The United States is rich in natural resources, the main being iron ore, coal and oil. The nation produces more then 100 million tons of iron a year. Four fifths of the ore mined in the USA comes from the Great Lakes region. Though a great deal of the ore has been used up, its resources have not been exhausted. Most of the coal mined in the USA is used by power plants to produce electricity. Coal is also used in the chemical industries for the manufacture of plastics and other synthetics. The production, processing and marketing of such oil products as petrol (called gasoline or gas in the USA) make up one of America’s largest industries.

The basic metals and minerals mined in the United States are zinc, copper and silver.

Some of the main crops grown in the USA are wheat, maize , cotton, tobacco and fruit.

Cattle breeding and pig raising make up an important branch of American’s agriculture.

The United States is an industrial country with various branches of heavy industry prevailing, namely, the mining, metallurgical, automobile and chemical industries as well as engineering. Many branches of light industry are also developed, among then are the textile, food and woodworking industries.

The leading US exports are industrial machinery, electronic equipment, armaments, grain, oil products and chemicals.

New industries are created as new discoveries are made in physics, chemistry and other sciences. Atomic energy, for instance, has created a wide range of new industries. Electronics has become a major industry.

Rapid development of communication means has facilitated cooperation and control but increased competition. Competition is a struggle for survival, victory being on the side of professional. Special emphasis is being laid on management training. A great number of schools and colleges are training young people to become industrial leaders. 

Text 4

Western and Eastern Siberia

Asian Russia is divided into the following geo – economic regions: Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The rivers Yenisei and Lena are taken as the demarcation lines. This huge area has immense mineral and other natural resources.

The Siberia, the land beyond the Urals, is almost the size of Europe and larger than the USA. It extends from the Urals in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, from the Artic Ocean to Chine and Mongolia.

The economic region of Western Siberia lies between the Urals and the Yenisei River. Its biggest city, Novosibirsk (over a million inhabitants) is situated on the right bank of the River Ob. It is an important railway junction and river port.

Novosibirsk is the seat of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It has an opera house bigger than Moscow’s Bolshoi Theatre.

Other major cities include Tobolsk on the River Irtysh, Omsk and Tomsk on the River Tom. Tomsk became the first university city of the Siberia in 1888.

From Novosibirsk, by Trans – Siberian express, one can get to Krasnoyarsk, capital of the immense Krasnoyarsky Territory. Krasnoyarsk stands on the banks of the Yenisei, which divides the Western and Eastern Siberian economic regions. It rises in the wooded Sayan Mountains of the Tuva Autonomous Republic, home of the Turkic – speaking native Tuvinians. Kyzyl, Tuva’s main city, situated at the confluence of the rivers Bolshoi Yenisei and Maly Yenisei, is the geographical centre of Asia.

Between the Yenisei and Lena and north of the Sayan highlands, the mineral – rich economic region of Eastern Siberia is situated. It includes Lake Baikal and the autonomous republics of Buryatia and Sakha (formerly Yakutia).

Buryatia lies around the eastern and northern shores of Lake Baikal and borders on Mongolia. Its capital and main industrial city, Ulan – Ude, originated in 1666 as a cossak wintering fortress at the confluence of the rivers Uda and Selenga.

To the north of Buryatia on the other side of Lake Baikal stands the city of Irkutsk on the River Angara. Founded in 1652, it is one of the most important administrative centres of Eastern Siberia.

To the north – east of Irkutsk, is the Sakha Autonomous Republik, a region of vast natural resources. The main wealth of the republik is the extraction of diamonds. Extracting the diamonds is not easy as Sakha is one of the coldest inhabited regions of the world. Winter temperature often drops to 45 degrees below zero centigrade.

The traditional occupations of Yakut people are hunting, fishing and raising cattle. As craftsmen they are known for their bone carvings: delicately fashioned boxes, pipes, chessmen, etc.

The main city of the region, Yakutsk, stands on the left bank of the River Lena, one of the world’s longest rivers. One of the town’s big attractions is the Museum of permafrost.

Text 5

London and the City

London was not built as a city in the same way as Paris or New York. It began life as a Roman fortification at a place where it was possible to cross the River Thames. A wall was built around the town for defense, but during the long period of peace which followed the Norman Conquest, people built outside the walls. This building continued over the years. In 1665 there was a terrible plague in London which killed too many people. In 1666 the Great Fire of London ended the plague, but it also destroyed much of the city. Although many people who had fled London during the plague returned to live in the rebuild city after the plague and the Great Fire, there were never again so many Londoners living in the city center. 

These days London has spread further outwards into the country, including surrounding villages. Today the metropolis of Greater London covers about 610 square miles (1580 sq.km.) and the suburbs of London continue even beyond this area. Some people even commute over 100 miles (over 150km) every day to work in London.

The gradual growth of the city helps to explain the fact that London does not have just one center, it has a number of centers, each with a distinct character: the Government center in Westminster, the shopping and entertainment center in the West End, the financial and business center called the City.

The City is rather a small area east of the center which includes the site of the original Roman town. It is an area with a long and exciting history, and it is proud of its independence and traditional role as a center of trade and commerce. The City of London is one of the major banking centers of the world and you can find the banks of area. Here, too, the Bank of England, the central bank of the national, is located. Nearby is the Stock Exchange where shares of commercial companies are bought and sold. A little further is Lloyd’s, the most famous insurance company in the world.