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Napoleonic Code

The laws of much of continental Europe (particularly France), of Quebec in Canada, and of much of Latin America – along with the civil laws of Louisiana – owe their modern form largely to the work of a man who never even studied law. Napoleon Bonaparte, the Corsican soldier who became emperor of France after the French Revolution, established in 1800 five commissions to refine and organise the diverse legal systems of France. The result, enacted in 1804, was Napoleon's Code. 

Some of its original 2,281 articles were drafted by Napoleon himself, and all were affected by his thinking, even though he was completely self-taught in legal matters. The code was a triumphant attempt to create a legal system that treated all citizens as equals without regard to their rank or previous privileges. It was also so clearly written that it could be read and understood by ordinary people at a time when only Latin scholars could make sense of the earlier laws handed down since Roman times. The code was adopted intact in most of the areas of Europe that Napoleon dominated and spread from there across the Atlantic, taking root particularly in French-speaking American communities. Many of its principles are still in force today.

1) Найдите в тексте и запишите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1. написать проекты статей

2. изучать право

3. понятно написанный

4. создать правовую систему

5. император

6. подвергаться влиянию чьих-либо идей

7. постигать смысл

8. укореняться

9. обращаться как с равными

10. без учета ранга и привилегий

11. несхожие правовые системы

12. передавать (из поколения в поколение)

13. быть в силе

14. гражданское право

15. господствовать

16. разобраться в чем-либо

2) Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What efforts did Napoleon make to reorganize the diverse legal systems of France?

2. Did Napoleon draw up the whole code himself?

3. What was so remarkable about Napoleon's new code?

4. What were the benefits of Napoleon's code for the ordinary people?

5. Which countries throughout the world still use the elements of Napoleon's code?