Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции 1 семестр (тест с ответами Синергия/МОИ/ МТИ /МОСАП)

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252 вопроса с ответами

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Год сдачи -2022-2023.

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1. … secure guiding liberties and rights from the unreasonable intrusions by persons, organizations, or government

*Constitutions

*Treaties

*Customs

2. A system of law that prescribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people inclusive of one’s self is … law

3. A system of law that represents rights and obligations in the sphere of business transactions is … law

4. Another important function of … is the protection of the legitimate interests of citizens

5. Arrange the sources of law according to their importance (start with the most important one):

1 Constitution

2 Statutes

3 Government Regulations

4 Ministerial regulations

5 Ordinances

6. Civil claims are dealt with by … law

*criminal

*constitutional

*tort 

7. Correlate the branch of law with regulated legal relationship:

A. Administrative law

B. Criminal law

C. Constitutional law

D. Municipal law

E. corruption

F. burglary

G. rights

H. education policies

8. Hammurabi’s Code contains …

*laws of nature

*the list of judges

*fundamental legal concepts

9. It is not correct that … are a capacity

*rights

*powers

*immunities

*services

10. Mercantile Law is …

*a system of law concerned with the punishment of offenders

*a system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community

*an assemblage of customs and practices governing a broad range of business practices

11. Mercantile law was created in … to deal with interactions between merchants, and continues to change over time due to legislative changes, case law, and long-term trends in usage

12. The … considered the Twelve Tables, the first codification of Roman law, to be among their greatest achievements

*Greeks

*Romans

*Egyptians

13. The … of law comprises a number of principles of a formal and procedural character, addressing the way in which a community is governed

14. The … of the State Council fulfil their responsibilities independently.

15. The Courts are to …

*punish

*make procedural rules

*apply the laws of the country 

16. The elements to ensure legal capacities and liabilities include …

*law enforcement

*rules of legal procedure

*moral rules

17. The idea of written laws goes back to ancient … culture that prospered long before the Bible was written or the civilizations of the Greeks or Romans flowered

18. The oldest known evidence of a law code is the …

*Bible

*Ebla tablets

*Hammurabi’s Code

19. The system of rules which regulates society is …

20. The very first legislation known to history which affirmed the legal personhood of women is called the … of Hammurabi

21. There are various fields of law. The types of law students choose to pursue often determine the firms they can apply to once they graduate. Here’s a case that can be attributed to one field of law: a golf player known for his speed and elusiveness murdered his wife.Is it public law or private law? What is the area of law? Who will initiate the case?

*This is public law as it governs relations between legal persons and the government. The area of law is Criminal law as the case is the murder. In such a case it will be a prosecutor who will initiate the case. A prosecutor is the government attorney who charges and tries cases against individuals accused of crimes

*This is private law as it governs relations between law governs the horizontal relationships among private parties. The area of law is Criminal law as the case is the murder. In such a case it will be a prosecutor who will initiate the case. A prosecutor is the government attorney who charges and tries cases against individuals accused of crimes

*This is public law as it governs relations between legal persons and a government. The area of law is Constitutional law as the case is the murder. In such a case it will be a prosecutor who will initiate the case. A prosecutor is the government attorney who charges and tries cases against individuals accused of crimes

22. … are supposed to be reflected in law as law should be based on what society sees as acceptable, fair, just

*Values

*Laws

*Rules

23. … is defined as freedom from inner conflict

*Inner anxiety

*Inner harmony

*Inner control

*Inner beliefs

24. … values are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime

*Legal

*Terminal

*Final

25. … values are the highest values in a person’s value system

*Moral

*Legal

*Terminal

*Instrumental

26. … values are the values that are often used

*Moral

*Legal

*Terminal

*Instrumental

27. A comprehensive legal term that describes the condition of being actually or potentially subject to a legal obligation is …

28. A set of principles established by the founders of the organization to communicate its underlying moral values are called … standards

29. A synonym for light-hearted and joyful is …

*cheerful

*respectful

*sincere

*restrained

30. Adultery is a voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than that person's current spouse or partner. The Code of Hammurabi in Babylonia provided a punishment of death by drowning for adultery. In ancient Greece and in Roman law, an offending female spouse could be killed, but men were not severely punished. Study the following case: “The husband alleged that he saw his wife talking with another person on three occasions”. What’s the difference between “ethical” and “legal”? Does the case deal with Russian/English criminal law?

*Ethics is the word used to define anything that concerns the law or its workings. On the other hand, legal is the word used to define the traditional norms and morals of an individual. The following case is not regarded as criminal according to Russian / English criminal law. Adultery is an issue of ethics

*Legal is the word used to define anything that concerns the law or its workings. On the other hand, ethics is the word used to define the traditional norms and morals of an individual. The following case is regarded as criminal according to Russian / English criminal law

*Legal is the word used to define anything that concerns the law or its workings. On the other hand, ethics is the word used to define the traditional norms and morals of an individual. The following case is not regarded as criminal according to Russian / English criminal law. Adultery is an issue of ethics

31. Arrange the needs according to Dr. Abraham Maslow starting from the basic ones:

1Physical

2 Security

4 Social

4 Ego

5 Self-actualization

32. As a member of a profession dedicated to the service of clients, a … should be committed to the values

33. Basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions are …

*values

*legal rules

*judicial practices

34. Both terminal and … values affect people’s personal as well as professional lives alike

35. It is not correct that … belong to instrumental values

*true friendship values (close companionship)

*broad-minded values (open-minded)

*logical values (consistent, rational)

*courageous values (standing up for your beliefs)

36. Match the given expressions with the definitions:

A. Morality

B. Value

C. Liability

D. Ethics

E. principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour

F. the estimated or appraised worth of any object or property, calculated in money

G. a comprehensive legal term that describes the condition of being actually or potentially subject to a legal obligation

H. the process of questioning, discovering and defending values, principles and purpose

37. Milton Rokeach defines values as enduring beliefs that … are preferred

*modes of conduct or values that are end-states of existence

*rules or values that are end-states of existence

*modes of conduct or inner beliefs

38. Some scholars don’t distinguish between morals and …

39. The ethical norms, values, and principles that guide a profession and the ethics of decisions made within the profession are called … ethics

40. The principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour are …

41. Values are frequently regarded as “enduring …” that are stable and reflect the way the decisions are made.

42. Values are practical based on the previous …, usually of several generations

43. … is the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the public, against unfair practices in the marketplace

*Consumer protection

*Labour protection

*Contract law 

44. A claim for damage caused to health, life or property may be brought against a … (either seller or executor) at the consumer’s discretion

45. Consumer protection ensures that … make well-informed decisions about their choices and have access to effective redress mechanisms

*employers

*consumers

*workers

46. Establish the sequence of actions to make a return request:

1 verify if the return date has not expired  

2 create a request to return a product 

3 specify the reason for the return  

4 attach an image of the product to the request  

5 enter your bank card details

47. If a product fails to comply with its description or the regulations regarding production or labelling, it is considered to be ‘…’ for the purposes of this provision, thus subjecting the defendant to liability

48. If an individual does not meet the required definition (e.g., an individual entrepreneur, who buys goods in the course of his business), he is not subject to the Consumer … Law

49. It is not correct that legal doctrine is also recognized as a … of law

*rule

*source

*norm

50. Match the words with their synonyms:

A. Consumer

B. Purchase

C. Product

D. Manufacturer

E. Importer

F. purchaser

G. acquisition

H. merchandise

I. producer

J. foreign buyer

51. Product … in Russia is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the Civil Code) and the Law “On Consumer Protection” dated 7 February 1992 (the Consumer Protection Law)

*liability

*duty

*tax

52. Product liability in Russia is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the Civil Code) and the Law ‘On Consumer Protection’ dated 7 February … (the Consumer Protection Law)

53. Products must be recalled when …

*there are some cases resulting in the bad products

*there is an official prescription from the local authorities

*a manufacturer becomes aware of any risks of its products to the life of a consumer

54. Russia belongs to …

*Mixed legal system

*Common law system

*Customary law system

*Civil law system

55. The … Code and the Consumer Protection Law contain a number of provisions by which manufacturers may incur liability for loss or damage suffered by the consumers of their products, regardless of whether or not a direct contractual relationship exists

*Criminal

*Civil

*Administrative

56. The … is an individual who has the intention of ordering or acquiring goods (works, services) or who orders, acquires or uses them exclusively for personal, family, household and other needs not relating to the pursuance of entrepreneurial activities

57. The … is an organization regardless of its organisational and legal form and also an individual entrepreneur who performs works or renders services to consumers under a cost contract

58. The … is an organization, regardless of its organisational and legal form, and also an individual entrepreneur who perform works or render services to the consumers on the chargeable agreement

59. The … is an organization, regardless of its organisational and legal form, and also an individual entrepreneur who sells goods to consumers under a sale contract

60. The basic feature of the Russian legislation regulating product liability is …

*pro-seller orientation

*pro-consumer orientation

*compensation

*consumer and seller orientation

61. The manufacturer (but not the seller) must compensate the … against losses suffered as a result of the product’s recall

62. The product can be recalled from the market and from consumers by …

*manufacturer

*client

*buyer

63. You are a lawyer. Your client is Tatyana who bought boots in the shop 35 days ago. Yesterday she found out that her boots had a hole. She wants to have her money back as she states that it was a defective product. Can she return goods after 14 days of the purchase? Does she need to have a receipt? Who should pay for the expertise?

*Yes, she can have a refund even after 14 days if it is proven that the goods were defective. If there is no receipt, the refund is not allowed. Tatyana needs to send the goods to the retailer. The company sends the defective goods for the expertise

*Yes, she can have a refund even after 14 days if it is proven that the goods were defective. If there is no receipt, the refund is allowed after receiving the copy of the receipt. Tatyana needs to send the goods to the retailer. The company sends the defective goods for the expertise

*Yes, she can have a refund even after 14 days if it is proven that the goods were defective. If there is no receipt, the refund is allowed after receiving the copy of the receipt. It’s the customer’s duty to send the defective goods for the expertise

64. Antique shop owner Mary uses a courier service to ship a set of china to John. The china set gets broken during delivery. You are a lawyer. Advise Mary as to her liability.Who will be responsible for fixing the problem?

*Mary will be responsible for fixing the problem. She must make sure products aren’t damaged. This also applies to deliveries. Mary may be able to seek compensation from the courier

*John will be responsible for fixing the problem. He has already bought the china set, so it’s up to him to solve all the related issues

*Courier service will be responsible for fixing the problem. After the goods were shipped that is courier service’s responsibility to deliver them

65. Consumer protection laws and actions had a rapid growth in the …

*1970s

*1920s

*1950s

66. Consumer protection laws safeguard … of goods and services against defective products and deceptive, fraudulent business practices

*purchasers

*lawyers

*employers

67. Consumer Protection Laws specific to … commerce provides the regulation and oversight of the integrity of products and services offered within a virtual marketplace

68. Consumer Protection within the computer age prevents from the defrauding of consumers engaging within the … marketplace upon regulating the methods and activities of electronic commerce and transactions

69. Consumers face high cost and time barriers to taking action against a business, resulting in low usage of consumer …

70. Historically, under the common law doctrine of caveat emptor, … had very little protection from misleading sales, requiring consumers to inspect all transactions themselves

*retailers

*sellers

*consumers

71. If you buy something online and it is … or not as advertised or not fit for purpose you will have exactly the same rights as if you bought it in a shop.

*poor

*faulty

*gloomy

72. Match the words with the synonyms:

A. Protection

B. Trade

C. Union

D. Economy

E. Advertisement

F. safeguarding

G. commerce

H. association

I. wealth

J. commercial

73. Reading … reviews can tell you more about a company or product

*customer

*merchant

*trade retailer

74. The … and anti-monopoly laws passed both at the close of the 19th century, as well as the early years of the 20th century disallowed for the commercial monopolization of the commercial market for the first time in conjunction with recorded and mandated legislature within the United States

75. The “cooling off” period available to consumers who change their minds about goods they've bought from a retailer in Russia takes …

*24 hours

*14 days

*1 month 

76. The agency responsible for inspecting complaints of scams and fraud against businesses is …

*Federal government

*Federal Trade Commission

*State local Agency

77. The aim of the … is to share information about cross-border commercial activities that may affect consumer interests, and to encourage international cooperation among law enforcement agencies

78. The earliest Consumer Protection law was …

* ‘Lex Julia de Flavio’ statute

* ‘Lex Julia de Annona’ statute

* ‘Lex Julia de Rigione’ statute

 79. The Federal Trade … works with foreign competition and consumer protection authority, and cooperates with foreign authorities on enforcement and policy matters through formal and informal agreements

80. The Federal Trade Commission’s mission is to protect consumers and promote …

81. The Product Liability … of 1985 was the first consumer protection measure

82. The Regulation on Consumer Protection Cooperation (CPC) is applicable in the … Economic Area

83. The rights and responsibilities of consumers, legal provisions and mechanism for settlement of consumer grievances are called … protection

*policy

*consumer

*services

84. … and supervision of consumer protection by Rospotrebnadzor acting pursuant to its Regulations approved by Resolution of the Russian Government

*President

*State control

*Local control

85. … are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules and regulations

86. … are responsible for ensuring product safety and to control the protection of human rights

*People

*Mayors

*State agencies

87. … flaw in goods (works, services) means a flaw that it is impossible to eliminate or a flaw which cannot be eliminated without spending an in commensurate outlays or time or which occurs repeatedly or which emerges again after it has been eliminated or other similar flaws

88. … is a comprehensive legal term that describes the condition of being actually or potentially subject to a legal obligation

89. … is a drug-defined crime (chose 2 correct answers)

*Possession

*Murder

*Smuggling

*Sale

90. … is a scheme of social control that is represented by a combination of relations between several things

91. … is an organisation, regardless of the organisational-and-legal form thereof, or an individual businessman engaged in importing commodities for their subsequent sale

92. … is classified as private law

*Administrative law

*Contract law

*Constitutional law

93. … is concerned with human actions, and the choice of those actions, and evaluates those actions, and the values that underlie them

94. … is firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values

95. … is overall quality or character, that helps you to attract new customers and build customer loyalty

96. … is the area of law that deals with agreements between people, businesses, and groups

*Contract law

*Constitutional law

*Labour law

97. … is the condition of being free of restraints, especially the ability to act without control or interference by another or by circumstance

98. … is the estimated or appraised worth of any object or property, calculated in money

99. … is usually connected with what is believed to be right or wrong, with human moral principles or values

*Law

*Rules

*Morality

100. … law deals with marriage and divorce

*Civil

*Property

*Family

101. … law is also referred to as “primitive law”, “unwritten law”, “indigenous law”, and “folk law”

102. … law is made by human beings, and one of its most famous examples – the US Constitution – begins with the words “We, the people...”

103. … laws are perceived to be eternal and immutable, while secular rules can be changed by their makers

104. … laws are statutory instruments made by local governments to regulate a broad range of issues within their communities

*Local

*Legal

*Religious

*Customary

105. … measures are referred to as acts or, in the case of bicameral legislatures, joint or concurrent resolutions of both houses

106. … rests upon popular participation in government, constitutionalism upon disclosure of and openness about the affairs of government

107. … values are usually mutual for different communities and could be described using the following characteristics – socially acceptable, right and wrong

108. …crimes come in several different varieties, and the connections that exist between … and crime can sometimes be very nuanced and complex

109. ‘Ius civile’ applied to … citizens

*Roman

*Greek

*Roman-Greek

110. A branch of the law that governs the horizontal relationships among private parties is … law

111. A constitution guarantees …

*local liabilities

*international rights and freedoms of a person and nation

*rights and freedoms of a person and nation

112. A legal … is the legal condition of a person who is required or forbidden by the law to perform an act

113. A number of principles of a formal and procedural character, addressing the way in which a community is governed comprises …

*rules of law

*community rules

*judiciary

114. A person who hears a case at court is called a …

*solicitor

*barrister

*judge

*lawyer 

115. A prominent growth in the individual associations took place in Europe in …

*1990

*1985

*1989

*1981

116. A system of treaties and agreements between nations that governs how nations interact with other nations, citizens of other nations, and businesses of other nations is … law

117. A turning point in the Consumer Protection Legislation was the … Treaty, signed on February 7, 1992 and ratified by Law no. 454 of November 3, 1992 that transformed the European Community in European Union

*Paris

*Berlin

*Vienna

*Maastricht 

118. According to researchers of scientists every 10th family has met the problem of drug …

119. According to the Constitution there are 3 branches: …, executive and judiciary

120. According to the statistics there are nearly 500,000 drugs … registered in Russia; however, experts suggest that the number is at least six times greater

121. Although, there are values accepted by the whole community, there are also … values that may be specific

122. Amnesty International is a global movement of more than seven million people who are independent of any type of political ideology, religion or economic interest and who take … personally

* injustice

*poverty

*discrimination

123. An area of United States law that involves agreements between people, businesses, and groups is … law

124. An international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom, is … International

125. An international nongovernmental organization that investigates and documents human rights violations and advocates for policies to prevent such abuses is Human Rights …

126. An international organization that uses the medical and scientific tools to attract attention to severe human rights abuses and mass atrocities is … for Human Rights

127. Another characteristic of the unwritten constitution is the special significance of political customs known as ‘…’, which oil the wheels of the relationship between the ancient institutions of state

128. Apart from Rospotrebnadzor, protection of … rights in Russia is also conducted by municipal authorities that review applications from consumers, give necessary consultations and apply to courts to protect consumers

*purchaser

*consumer

*seller

129. Arrange the following areas of law chronologically according to their appearance:

1 Ancient Egyptian Law

2 Roman law

4 Canon law

4 African law

130. Arrange the following legal acts chronologically:

1 The Norman conquest

2 The legal reforms of King Henry II

3 Magna Carta

4 The Habeas Corpus Act

5 The Bill of Rights

131. Arrange the needs according to Dr. Abraham Maslow starting with the highest ones:

1 self-actualization  

2 ego  

3 social  

4 security  

5 physical

132. Arrange the values according to the theory of values by Max Scheler starting from the basic values:

1 utility

2 sensual

3 virtue

4 wisdom

5 transcendent

133. Attribute the following terms to the appropriate groups:

A. Precedent

B. Courage

C. Deontology

D. Keep your promises

E. law

F. value

G. ethics

H. morality

134. British people certainly say that they have a …, but it is one that exists in an abstract sense, comprising a host of diverse laws, practices and conventions that have evolved over a long period of time

135. By the late Middle Ages civil and canon laws were taught at most universities and formed the basis of a shared body of … thought common to most of Europe

*legal

*canon

*administrative

136. Civil Rights Defenders was established in …

*1982

*1950

*1962

137. Code of … Offences establishes liability for certain offences committed against a consumer, such as: selling goods and rendering works or services of improper quality

138. Complex Measures to withstand abuse and illegal drugs …was worked out and successfully implemented by central and local authorities

139. Constitution guarantees citizens certain substantive and procedural … to which they deemed themselves entitled as subjects of the British crown under the ancient English common law

140. Consumer … laws are designed to prevent businesses from engaging in fraud or unfair practices, to protect individuals from scam artists, and identity thieves and crooks

141. Consumer protection in the American legislation is implemented through …

*consumer codes

*administrative codes

*a system of rules and case law

142. Correlate the branch of law with regulated legal relationship:

A. Contract law

B. Property law

C. Tort law

D. Family law

E. breach of agreement

F. leasehold

G. negligence

H. divorce

143. Criminal law prosecutes activities which are …

*good

*bad

*unfair

*illegal

144. Distributing a drug is …

*not a crime

*a drug-related offence

*a drug-found offence

 145. Drug … is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws

146. Drug abuse and … are associated with drug-related crimes

*addiction

*murder

*crimes

147. Drug use is regarded as a real problem in many parts of the world, although the extent of the issue varies greatly depending on culture, access, and …

*legislation

*government

*law enforcement

148. Arrange the following acts chronologically:

1 Product Liability Directive

2 Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

3 Consumer Rights Directive

4 Revised Payment Services Directive

149. Executive branch is represented by the … in Russia

*Queen

*President

*Vice-President

 150. From a comparative perspective, British people have what is known as an ‘… constitution’, although some prefer to describe it as ‘uncodified’

151. Human Rights are …

*basic rights and freedoms accorded to all people

*a way in which the communities can control people

*concepts which leaders aspire to as they create laws

152. Human Rights Watch has its headquarters in …

*Paris

*London

*New York City

153. Human Rights Without … (HRWF) is an international non-profit organization that promotes respect for human rights around the globe and advocates for democracy, the rule of law and social justice

154. If a dealer from Austria sells drugs to a buyer from the USA, it is called drug …

*robbery

*trafficking

*smuggling

155. If a warranty period is established for the goods, the buyer has the right to make claims related to the short delivery of the goods within …

*warranty period

*product expiration date

*term of the contractual guarantee

156. In a religious legal … disputes are usually adjudicated by an officer of that religion, so the same person is both judge and priest

157. In certain cases, drug use can be connected to … that only relate to drugs in an indirect way

158. In certain cases, drug use can be connected to crimes that only relate to drugs in an … way

*direct

*indirect

*general

159. In Russia rather than having a single product liability …, the relevant rules are scattered among various laws

160. In US law, a … is a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than one year or by the death penalty

161. It is not correct that … belongs to terminal values

*salvation (saved eternal life)

*obedient (dutiful, respectful)

*national security (protection from attack)

*a sense of accomplishment (a lasting contribution)

162. It is not correct that … belongs to the core activities of Amnesty International

*research

*legacy

*advocacy

*lobbying

163. It is not correct that … is included in the guidelines for Consumer protection

*right to safety

*right to breathe

*right to be heard

*right to information

164. It should be noted that there are three main sources of the law in the world:legislation, … or decisions of the higher court or custom

165. Law creates not only …, but also justifications for people to behave in a certain way (lawful behaviour)

*duties

*liabilities

*restrictions

166. Law is made up of formulated legislation, including constitutions, statutes, treaties, … and codes; rules of law announced by the courts in deciding cases

*ordinances

*applications

*acts

167. Laws are binding for the members of the society because …

*they are made by people

*they are always easy to obey

*they protect people’s rights and fundamental freedoms 

168. Laws currently in force in England include …

*the Consumer Protection Act 1987 and the Consumer Rights Act 2015

*the Consumer Protection Act 1986 and the Consumer Rights Act 2019

*the Consumer Protection Act 1985 and the Consumer Rights Act 2018

169. Legal scholars have adapted the principles of ancient Roman law in the Corpus … to contemporary needs

* ‘ius civile’

* ‘iuris civilis’

* ‘iuris militis’

170. Many countries are affected by … addiction today

*virus drug

*virus alcohol

*junk food

171. Match the following acts with their purposes:

A. The Bill of Rights

B. The Slavery Convention of 1926

C. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951

D. affirmed rights such as free elections, freedom of speech and freedom from “cruel and unusual punishment”

E. important confirm and advance the suppression of slavery and the slave trade

F. prevent and prohibit specific abuses like torture and genocide and to protect especially vulnerable populations, such as refugees

172. Match the given countries to the corresponding law systems:

A. Italy

B. England

C. Nigeria

D. Civil Law

E. Religious Law

F. Customary Law

173. Match the given countries to the corresponding law systems:

A. The Russian Federation

B. The United States of America

C. Iran

D. Civil Law

E. Religious Law

F. Customary Law

174. Match the given expressions with the definitions:

A. Public law

B. Municipal law

C. International law

D. Tort law

E. it governs relationships between the government to itself and between the government and individuals

F. this can cover a wide range of issues, including everything from police power, zoning and property taxes

G. a system of treaties and agreements between nations that governs how nations interact with other nations, citizens of other nations, and businesses of other nations

H. the law that protects and compensates people who have been injured by the negligence, or recklessness, or intentional acts of wrongdoers

175. Match the given expressions with the definitions:

A. Fairness

B. Justice

C. Equity

D. Equality

E. the state or quality of being equal

F. the maintenance or administration of what is just especially by the impartial adjustment of conflicting claims or the assignment of merited rewards or punishments

G. justice achieved not simply according to the strict letter of the law but in accordance with principles of substantial justice and the unique facts of the case

H. impartial and just treatment or behaviour without favouritism or discrimination

176. Match the words with the definitions:

A. Amend

B. Assembly

C. Democracy

D. Convention

E. to add to or to change (a proposal or law)

F. a large meeting for a special purpose

G. the system of government in which citizens vote to choose leaders or to make other important decisions

H. a group of people who make and change laws for a government or organization

177. Match the words with the definitions:

A. Drug production

B. Trafficking

C. Drug addiction

D. Possession

E. the process of industrial-scale synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs as part of the pharmaceutical industry

F. a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws

G. substance use disorder

H. willful control of illegal substances

178. Match the words with the definitions:

A. Intoxication

B. Drug dealer

C. Legal drugs

D. Addicted

E. the condition of having physical or mental control markedly diminished by the effects of alcohol

F. a person who sells illegal drugs

G. prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs that have been legally obtained

H. physically and mentally dependent on a particular substance

179. Match the words with the synonyms:

A. Trade

B. Union

C. Economy

D. Advertisement

E. commerce

F. assosiation

G. wealth

H. commercial

180. Match the words with the synonyms:

A. Openness

B. Constitutionality

C. Representation

D. Division

E. Accountability

F. discovery

G. due process

H. delegation

I. separation

J. reporting

181. Match the words with their synonyms:

A. Consumer

B. Purchase

C. Product

D. Manufacturer

E. Importer

F. purchaser

G. acquisition

H. merchandise

I. producer

J. foreign buyer

182. Match the words with their synonyms:

A. Refund

B. Defects assessment

C. Liquidation

D. Storage

E. Carriage

F. repayment

G. test

H. removal

I. repository

J. transportation

183. Match the words with their synonyms:

A. Abuse

B. Violation

C. Addiction

D. Drugs

E. corruption

F. encroachment

G. dependence

H. medicine

184. Match the words with their synonyms:

A. Ideology

B. Violation

C. Organization

D. Campaign

E. beliefs

F. breach

G. company

H. movement

185. Most rules of law have developed from the … that are known as a settled and accepted way of behavior in the defined circumstances

186. Organized … activities are activities such as money laundering and political corruption, in support of the drug trade

187. Originally … law was used by the merchants in Europe

188. Product … is the ability of a product to be safe for intended use, as determined when evaluated against a set of established rules

189. Put the steps of the consumer decision making process in the appropriate order:

1 problem recognition

2 search process

3 evaluating alternatives

4 selection stage

5 evaluation of decision

190. Rospotrebnadzor inspects products (works, services) as being in conformity with obligatory … ensuring safety towards consumers and environment as well as preventing harm and damages thereto

*facts

*causation

*requirements

191. Strict liability is applied regardless of whether or not contractual relations exist. The test for whether ‘… information’ was supplied to a consumer is quite uncertain

192. The … Code and the Consumer Protection Law contain a number of provisions by which manufacturers may incur liability for loss or damage suffered by the consumers of their products

193. The … Directive is the foundational legal framework for online services in the EU

194. The adoption of the Constitution was so important to Russia because …

*the Constitution became a manifesto of the new democratic Russia

*the Constitution created 5 legal bodies

*the Constitution established a list of functions for the workers

195. The birth and evolution of the medieval … law tradition based on Roman law was thus integral to European legal development

*civil

*religious

*common 

196. The body of rules, doctrines, and practices that govern the operation of political communities is …

*labour law

*tort law

*constitutional law

197. The company that makes a particular brand of sneakers is an example of the … of the sneakers

*worker

*consumer

*manufacturer

198. The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted in …

*1993

*1992

*1991

199. The Consumer Code in Italy came into force on 23 October 2005 and has been a … body of law for the protection of consumer rights

*legal

*ruling

*binding

*fundamental

200. The dramatic changes in Eastern Europe, Africa, and Latin America since 1989 have powerfully demonstrated a surge in demand for respect of … rights

*human

*universal

*unified

201. The EU legislation provides for some consumer protection or regulates the power of national authorities to introduce consumer protection …

*treaties

*contracts

*regulations

*agreements

202. The forms of laws are …

*acts, rules of morality

*statutes, personal habits

*state constitutions, treaties, tickets

*local laws, statutes, executive orders

203. The functions of Rospotrebnadzor’s officials are to … (choose 2 correct answers)

*collect samples of products to conduct analysis

*attend premises used by the manufacturer to conduct the necessary inspections and control

*initiate only administrative proceedings and adjudicate administrative cases regarding consumer protection

*urge manufacturers to start any violation of consumer rights and obligatory requirements established by law

204. The Human Rights Act 1998 came into force in …

*December 1998

*October 2000

*January 1998

*October 1998

205. The idea of written laws first appears in … culture

*Mesopotamian

*Greek

*Roman

206. The individual associations remained weak until, in 1989, was created the … Consumers and Users Association which was attended by nine associations

207. The law creates a … system including the system of the courts for mitigating controversies

208. The law operates in the … environment

*social

*political

*geographical

209. The laws are enforced according to their acceptance by …

*the minority of the people

*the majority of the people

*several groups of people

210. The legal framework within which public administration is carried out is … law

211. The legislature is the Federal … of Russia, which consists of two chambers: the State Duma (the lower house) and the Federation Council (the upper house)

212. The main spheres of law are …

*public and private law

*original and legal law

*modern law and archaic law

213. The most widespread classification of drugs is according to the way they … the body, how they are used or where they are used

214. The purpose of a green paper of the European Commission of 2001 was …

*to launch a new project to decide the best way to regulate the field of fair commercial practices

*to launch a public consultation to decide the best way to regulate the field of unfair commercial practices

*to create a public union to decide the best way to regulate the field of unfair commercial practices

215. The role of the local custom as a source of law became increasingly important because … (choose 2 correct answers)

*Civil law came into practice

*Criminal law came into practice

*European states sought to unify and organize their individual legal systems

*European states sought to separate and organize their individual legal systems

216. The role of voluntary associations of consumers is to …

*provide psychological help

*inform the manufactures about the claims

*provide the measures to be undertaken in order to secure those rights

*provide legal support and consultation to consumers regarding their rights and

217. The source of religious law is the …, legislating through the prophets

*Deity

*Code

*Rule

218. The State Duma carries the main responsibility for … federal laws

*passing

*creating

*establishing

219. The term “civil law” derives from the …

*Latin ‘ius civile’

*Greek ‘ius civile’

*Latin ‘stare decisis’

220. The term “law” denotes the body of rules and regulations that is the product of the … process

221. The theoretical foundations of modern … were laid down in the great works on the social contract

222. The United Nations (UN) defines discrimination as behavior that includes any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on … (choose 2 correct answers)

*colour

*salary

*character

*language

223. The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection, that were adopted in 1985 and revised in 1999, propose a list of objectives described as “legitimate …”

*calls

*needs

*duties

224. The United Nations has adopted … treaties in addition to the covenants in the International Bill of Human Rights

*10

*20

*30

*40

225. The word “constitution” in Latin means …

*democracy

*organization

*structure

226. There are those who feel that drug crime … is a serious drain on resources, and they worry that drug laws can create more crime than they stop by generating a black market

*enforcement

*policy

*order

227. There are voluntary … of consumers (generally formed as non-commercial enterprises) who also protect consumers

*companies

*associations

*local governmental bodies

228. Though the … often brings the formal charges, investigates the matter, and decides on the case, he or she works within a framework established by a comprehensive, codified set of laws

229. Through …, the Civil Rights Defenders provides expertise and support to human rights defenders while holding those in power accountable for their actions

230. Under the influence of Roman law, medieval scholars of Catholic church law, or canon law, …

*compiled existing religious legal sources into their own comprehensive system of law and governance for the Church

*invented new religious legal sources and made their own comprehensive system of law and governance for the Church

*compiled parts of the Bible into their own comprehensive system of law and governance for the Church

231. Under the Russian law, the state control and … of consumer protection as well as sanitary and epidemiological safety of the population is conducted by the Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Health Control Service (Rospotrebnadzor)

232. Unlike most modern states, … does not have a codified constitution but an unwritten one formed of Acts of Parliament, court judgments and conventions

*Britain

*Italy

*The USA

233. We can find he expression “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” in the …

*tablets from the ancient city Ebla

*Bible

*Hammurabi’s Code

234. Analyze the following case: Therapist sent a third billing notice to a slow-to- pay client’s fax machine in her office but client did not report to work that day. The bill was titled “psychological services rendered” and handwritten in large print was “Third Notice – OVERDUE!!” with client’s name. This notice sat in an open access mail tray of the busy office all day. Was is reasonable? Is it allowed to send private material in such a manner?

*Therapist could have failed to know that many people have access to the fax machine in a busy place of business. Private material should not be faxed unless it is known that the intended recipient will be retrieving the information

*Therapist could use any address provided by the client. Private material should be faxed or send by e-mail

*Therapist should have known that many people have access to the fax machine in a busy place of business. Private material should not be faxed unless it is known that the intended recipient will be retrieving the information

235. Ben, who is 19 years old, applies for a job as a clerk in a goods store. The store manager is impressed with Ben's speaking skills and says that he would like to hire him, subject to reference checks. Later, the manager calls Ben and says that he will not be hired. On checking his references with a former employer, the manager found out that Ben was convicted of careless driving. Has the store manager violated Ben's human rights by refusing to hire him?

*Yes, the manager has violated Ben's human rights. Discrimination in hiring based on having a record of ground is prohibited

*No, the manager didn’t violate Ben’s human rights as Ben’s offence is related to the job duties he would have to do

*No, the manager didn’t violate Ben’s human rights as it’s up to the manager to decide who should be hired and who should not

236. Common-law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules, so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes, and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained. What is the guiding principle of Common-law legal systems? What is the idea behind?

*The principle of mens rea (lat.) is the mental element of a person's intention to commit a crime; or knowledge that one's action or lack of action would cause a crime to be committed. It is a necessary element of many crimes

*The principle of stare decisis means that a court should apply previous court decisions to similar future cases

*The objective element of a crime, is the Latin term for the "guilty act" which, when proved beyond a reasonable doubt

 237. Imagine that in 2024 you will be president of your country. What branch will you represent? What will be your powers?

*The head of the executive branch. I would sign bills into law, veto bills from becoming laws, negotiate treaties with foreign countries, enforce the courts’ decisions

*The head of the executive branch. I would sign bills into law, hear civil cases, negotiate treaties with foreign countries, enforce the courts’ decisions

*The head of the executive branch. I would interpret state laws, veto bills from becoming laws, negotiate treaties with foreign countries, settle legal disputes

 238. Judy owns a clothing retail store. One of her customers returns a T-shirt because it doesn’t fit her. Does Judy have to give her customer a different size or a refund?

*No, she doesn’t. Retailers aren’t responsible if a customer has a change of mind or circumstances. Judy may think of more flexible exchange policies to foster better customer relationships

*Yes, she does. Retailers are totally responsible if a customer has a change of mind or circumstances

*Yes, she does. Retailers are responsible if a customer has a change of mind or circumstances. Judi must order a new T-shirt that may fit the customer

239. Mary had therapy sessions. She found out that the psychologist sent copies of her case notes to the insurance carrier responsible for reimbursement and that therapist should not have revealed this information. Client reported psychologist to the APA Ethics Committee for violating confidentiality principles. Psychologist explained to Ethics Committee that any client understands that their confidentiality may be breached when using an insurance company for third-party reimbursement due to administrative and professional peer review. Nonetheless, psychologist never informed client of this risk before therapy began, rather, he assumed client “must understand” the protocol. Think of the Ethics Committee adjudication.

*The Ethics Committee determined that psychologist didn’t violate the confidentiality ethical standard by not informing client of the limits of confidentiality prior to treatment

*The Ethics Committee determined that psychologist violated the confidentiality ethical standard by not informing client of the limits of confidentiality prior to treatment

*The Ethics Committee determined that psychologist didn’t violate the confidentiality ethical standard as there is non-confidentiality prior to treatment

240. Meghan is an interior designer. A supplier installs a gondola incorrectly and it breaks a month later. Who must fix the problem?

*Meghan as her customer hired Meghan. It was not her supplier. Meghan must fix any problems. However, Meghan can ask her supplier for compensation or repairs

*Supplier who installed the unit, as it was his duty under the contract

*Shelving manufacturer must fix the problem

241. Rachel buys a commercial welding machine for her building business. A few weeks later, it breaks down. Can Rachel get a remedy from the store he bought it from?

*No, she can’t. The Consumer Guarantees Act only applies to products and services that are usually for household or personal use

*No, she can’t. The period for return / refund is 1 week

*Yes, she can. The Consumer Guarantees Act applies to all products and services

242.2Stacy and several of her friends play in a women's hockey league at the skate rink. Quite frequently, the male rink attendants don’t give them their full allotted ice time. The attendants make jokes on the women. Stacy thinks that their rights are violated. She has even complained but the manager has done nothing and supported men. Have the rink attendants violated the young women's human rights?

*Yes, the rink attendants and manager have violated the young women's rights. It is discrimination based on gender or sex (ground). Every person has a right to equal treatment with respect to services, goods and facilities without discrimination because of ¼ sex

*No, the rink attendants and manager have not violated the young women's rights. They took part in so-called “man’s game”, so they should get accustomed to the above-mentioned behavior

*Yes, the rink attendants and manager have not violated the young women's rights. They took part in so-called “man’s game”, so they should get accustomed to the above-mentioned behavior

243. Susan buys a cup of coffee and accidentally spills it at Kate’s bar. What must Kate do to fix the problem?

*Replace the drink as businesses are responsible for problems or faults caused by a customer after purchase

*Provide a discount for one more drink. Businesses are partially responsible for problems or faults caused by a customer after purchase

*Nothing. Businesses aren’t responsible for problems or faults caused by a customer after purchase

244. Susan is an Asian-American. She wanted to continue her studies at a local public college but her application was rejected. Susan has grounds to suppose that it was because of her ethnic origin. She filed suit against the college. What law is applied in such a case?

*It is Constitutional law because it the constitutional rights were violated

*It is International law because Susan is an Asian-American

*It is Constitutional law as it can be applied to any cases

245. The constitution is the main legal act of the State. It lays down the formation of a system of society and establishes the state structure, the order and justification of the idea of representatives, executive and judicial authorities, the electoral system, the rights and obligations of the state, society and citizens. Can it be argued that any constitution is the constitution of a state or society exclusively?

*It can hardly be argued that any constitution is the constitution of an exclusively state or society. As the practice of the vast majority of countries shows, constitutions also determine the initial provisions that characterize a certain social system, property system, socio-economic and political relations, and the level of spiritual life of the country

*It can be argued that any constitution is the constitution of an exclusively state or society. As the practice of the vast majority of countries shows, constitutions do not determine the initial provisions that characterize a certain social system, property system, socio-economic and political relations, and the level of spiritual life of the country

*It can hardly be argued that any constitution is not the constitution of an exclusively state or society. As the practice of the vast majority of countries shows, constitutions do not determine the initial provisions that characterize a certain social system, property system, socio-economic and political relations, and the level of spiritual life of the country

246. The defendant decided to kill his sister. He bought a knife and a bottle of strong alcohol which he drank to give himself “Dutch Courage”. Then he killed his sister. He subsequently claimed that he was so drunk that he did not know what he was doing, or possibly even that the drink had brought on a latent psychopathic state so that he was insane at the time of the killing. What was the Court’s decision?

*The Court held that intoxication could not be a defence in either case as the intent had not been clearly formed, albeit after the killing took place

*The Court held that intoxication could not be a defence in either case as the intent had been clearly formed, albeit before the killing took place

*The Court held that intoxication could be a defence in either case even if the intent had been clearly formed

247. The defendant had voluntarily consumed drugs to calm his nerves. Under the influence of the drugs, he had started shooting in the cottage in which he had been living, but claimed to have been unable to remember anything after taking the drugs. The defendant was convicted of causing criminal damage being reckless as to whether life would be endangered, following the trial judge’s direction to the jury that self-induced intoxication was not available by way of defence to a basic intent crime. The defendant appealed. What is the Court’s decision?

*The conviction was quashed on appeal on the grounds that he could not be expected to anticipate that drugs would have that effect upon him

*The conviction was not quashed on appeal on the grounds that he could have expected that dangerous drugs would have that effect upon him

*The conviction was quashed on appeal on the grounds that he could be expected to anticipate that drugs would have that effect upon him

248. The distinction between Public and Private Law is a purely academic debate, nevertheless, it also affects legal practice. There are areas of law, which may not fit into distinction of Public or Private Law. Study the following case: An employment inspector investigates workplace safety, checking all the equipment. The inspector investigates workplace incidents, and conducts workplace inspections to evaluate compliance. Decide whether it falls into the category of Public or Private law.

*It falls in the category of Private law as considers the interests of the individuals

*It falls in the category of Public law as considers the interests of the society

*It falls in the category of Public and Private law as considers the interest of the society and the individuals

249. You are a lawyer. In Liza’s electronics shop in the Russia Federation Ivan buys an expensive TV-set. Three weeks after the 12-month manufacturer’s warranty expires, the TV-set stops working. Must Liza give Ivan a remedy?

*Yes, she must. Although the warranty has expired, a customer can expect an expensive product to last a reasonable amount of time before any faults or problems appear

*No, she doesn’t have to. The warranty has expired, a customer can’t expect any remedies

*It depends on the defect. Ivan is entitled to a free TV-set examination

250. Arrange the documents chronologically:

1 Slavery Convention

2 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

3 Charter of Human and People’s Rights

4 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam

251. Arrange the documents chronologically:  

1 The ‘Great Charter of the Liberties of England’

2 The Provisions of Oxford

3 The Bill of Rights

4The European Communities Act

252. Arrange the milestone documents chronologically:  

1 Magna Carta  

2 Code of Justinian  

3 Roman Twelve Tables of Law  

4 Constitution of Sparta

Введение в курс

Тема 1. What is Law? (Что такое закон?)

Тема 2. Law and Values. (Закон и ценности.)

Тема 3. Consumer Law (Закон о правах потребителя)

Тема 4. How Laws Protect the Consumer. (Как законы защищают потребителя.)

Итоговая аттестация

Итоговый тест

Компетентностный тест